Metal Oxide-based Nanomaterial as Adsorbents for Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption

Fira Nadiatul Faizah, Agustina Rokhmawati, Dea Ajeng Rahma Winarto Putri, Santi Nur Handayani

Abstract

Water pollution is caused by synthetic dyes, especially methylene blue (MB), and it has become a major environmental concern, so efficient and sustainable treatment technologies are needed. In this review, the recent advances in the application of metal oxide-based nanomaterials as adsorbents for MB removal from aqueous solutions are summarized. The characteristics of metal oxide nanomaterials, adsorption mechanisms, and effects of key operating parameters, including pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, temperature, and adsorbent dosage, are discussed. In addition, the regeneration and reusability of the adsorbents, as well as the challenges and future prospects for their practical application, are highlighted. Based on recent studies, a high adsorption performance is exhibited by metal oxide-based nanomaterials, such as ZnO, TiO₂, Fe₂O₃, CuO, Mn₃O₄, and their composites, because a large specific surface area, abundant active sites, and tunable physicochemical properties are possessed by them. However, some challenges are still faced, which are related to the synthesis cost, the long-term stability, the regeneration efficiency, and the environmental safety. In future research, green synthesis strategies, enhanced adsorbent stability, and pilot-scale evaluations should be focused on, so the practical implementation of metal oxide-based nanomaterials for sustainable wastewater treatment can be facilitated.

Keywords

adsorption; metal oxide; methylene blue; nanomaterials.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Adeleke, A.A., Omar, N., and Al-Gheethi, A., 2023. Nanomaterials for the adsorption of methylene blue from wastewater: A comprehensive review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 11, 109028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.109028.

Ahangaran, F., and Navarchian, A.H., 2020. Recent Advances in Chemical Surface Modification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles with Silane Coupling Agents: A Review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 286, 102298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2020.102298.

Akpasi, S.O., and Isa, Y.M., 2022. Effect of Operating Variables on CO2 Adsorption Capacity of Activated Carbon, Kaolinite, and Activated Carbon – Kaolinite Composite Adsorbent. Water-Energy Nexus, 5, 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2022.08.001.

Al-saeedi, S.I., Areej, A., Qamar, M.T., Alhujaily, A., Iqbal, S., Alotaibi, M.T., Aslam, M., Qayyum, M.A., Bahadur, A., Awwad, N.S., Jazaa, Y., and Elkaeed, E.B., 2023. Isotherm and Kinetic Studies for the Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto a Novel Mn3O4-Bi2O3 Composite and Their Antifungal Performance. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1156475.

Alagarsamy, A., Chandrasekaran, S., and Manikandan, A., 2022. Green Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Biogenic Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) Nanoparticles for Adsorptive Removal of Methylene Blue Dye. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1247, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131275.

Albroomi, H.I., Elsayed, M.A., Baraka, A., and Abdelmaged, M.A., 2017. Batch and Fixed-Bed Adsorption of Tartrazine Azo-Dye onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Apricot Stones. Applied Water Science, 7, 2063–2074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0387-2.

Almahri, A., Abou-Melha, K.S., Katouah, H.A., Al-bonayan, A.M., Saad, F.A., El-Desouky, M.G., and El-Bindary, A.A., 2023. Adsorption and Removal of the Harmful Pesticide 2,4-Dichlorophenylacetic Acid from an Aqueous Environment via Coffee Waste Biochar: Synthesis, Characterization, Adsorption Study and Optimization via Box-Behnken Design. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1293, 136238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.136238.

Alouani, M.E., Saufi, H., Aouan, B., Bassam, R., Ben Tourtit, M., Bassam, A., Ahmina, W., Rachdi, Y., Belaaouad, S., and Alehyen, S., 2026. A Comprehensive Review on Green Synthesis and Characterization of Plant-Based Nanoparticles for Water Treatment Applications: Adsorption and Photodegradation of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18062721.

Alprol, A.E., Eleryan, A., Abouelwafa, A., Gad, A.M., and Hamad, T.M., 2024. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Padina Pavonica Extract for Efficient Photocatalytic Removal of Methylene Blue. Scientific Reports, 14, 32160. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80757-9.

Alshehri, A.A., Alharbi, L.M., and Malik, M.A., 2025. Chitosan-Templated Synthesis of Fe2O3, NiO, and NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles for Efficient Methylene Blue Dye Removal. Polymers, 17, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17202750.

Althomali, R.H., and Adeosun, W.A., 2023. Wet Chemically Synthesized Metal Oxides Nanoparticles, Characterization and Application in Electrochemical Energy Storage: An Updated Review. Synthetic Metals, 298, 117424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2023.117424.

An, T., 2007. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Water and Wastewater and Their Treatment by Advanced Oxidation Processes. Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, 11, 3–4.

Anisara, R., P.K.W, G.A., and Taufiq, A., 2024. Silica Gel from Bagasse Ash for Methylene Blue Adsorption. Jurnal Sains Natural, 14, 142–153. https://doi.org/10.31938/jsn.v14i3.738.

Azevedo, A.M. de, Silveira, P.H.P.M. da, Lima, R. de M.C., Candela, D.R.S., Gomes, A.M. de S., Lima, A.M., Monteiro, S.N., Cardoso, D.D., de Biasi, R.S., Silveira, P.C.R., and Figueiredo, A.B.-H. da S., 2026. Sol-Gel Auto-Combustion Synthesis and Characterization of Potassium Ferrite. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 40, 954–968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.12.178.

Barooah, P., Mushahary, N., Das, B., and Basumatary, S., 2024. Waste Biomass-Based Graphene Oxide Decorated with Ternary Metal Oxide (MnO-NiO-ZnO) Composite for Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye. Cleaner Water, 2, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100049.

Chemingui, H., Rezma, S., Lafi, R., Alhalili, Z., Missaoui, T., Harbi, I., Smiri, M., and Hafiane, A., 2023. Investigation of Methylene Blue Adsorption from Aqueous Solution onto ZnO Nanoparticles: Equilibrium and Box-Behnken Optimisation Design. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 103, 2716–2741. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2021.1897121.

Chen, J., Wang, J., Zhang, G., Wu, Q., and Wang, D., 2018. Facile Fabrication of Nanostructured Cerium-Manganese Binary Oxide for Enhanced Arsenite Removal from Water. Chemical Engineering Journal, 334, 1518–1526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.062.

Churcley, J., 1998. Ozone for Dye Waste Colour Removal. Ozone-science and Engineering, 20, 111–120.

Davoudi, S., 2022. Adsorption of Methylene Blue (MB) Dye Using NiO-SiO2NPs Synthesized from Aqueous Solutions: Optimization, Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies. Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng., 41, 2343–2357. https://doi.org/10.30492/ijcce.2021.526904.4630.

de Mel, S., Gruenler, J., Khoury, L., Heynes, A., Fazekas, J., Damaske, K., Galbadage, T., Gunasekera, R.S., and Anderson, R.S., 2025. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Magnolia Alba Leaf Extracts and Evaluating Their Antimicrobial, Anticancer, Antioxidant, and Photocatalytic Properties. Scientific Reports, 15, 23709. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08468-3.

Dey, S., Ganugula, T.N.V., Padavala, S.S.A.B., and Akula, V.P.M., 2024. An Experimental Study on the Parthenium Biosorbents for Removals of Chlorides and Hardness from Contaminated Water. Energy Nexus, 15, 100309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100309.

Dutta, S., Bhattacharyya, A., Ganguly, A., Gupta, S., and Basu, S., 2011. Application of Response Surface Methodology for Preparation of Low-Cost Adsorbent from Citrus Fruit Peel and for Removal of Methylene Blue. Desalination, 275, 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.02.057.

Dwijayanti, U., Widodo, D.S., Haris, A., Suyati, L., Ariadi, R., Kimia, D., and Diponegoro, U., 2020. Adsorpsi Methylene Blue (Mb) Menggunakan Abu Layang Batubara Teraktivasi Larutan NaOH. Analit: Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, 5, 1–14.

Egbosiuba, T.C., and Abdulkareem, A.S., 2021. Highly Efficient As-Synthesized and Oxidized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Ion Adsorption in a Batch and Fixed-Bed Process. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 15, 2848–2872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.09.094.

Essa, W.K., 2024. Methylene Blue Removal by Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Obtained from Green Synthesis of Melia Azedarach: Kinetic and Isotherm Studies. Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry6010012.

Farooq, S., Hamood, A., Maani, A., Naureen, Z., Hussain, J., Siddiqa, A., and Al, A., 2022. Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Oxide-Loaded Activated Carbon Nanocomposite: Adsorption of Methylene Blue, Kinetic, Isotherm, and Thermodynamic Study. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 47, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102692.

Febriani, F., Koesnarpadi, S., and Sari, I.Y.L., 2022. Adsorpsi Metylene Blue Menggunakan Adsorben Asam Fulvat (AF) Dari Tanah Gambut Samboja Kalimantan Timur, in: Prosiding Seminar Nasional Kimia 2022. Universitas Mulawarnman, Samarinda, pp. 35–39.

Gritli, I., Chemingui, H., Djebali, K., Mabrouk, W., Hafiane, A., Marzouki, R., Ammar, S., Chtourou, R., and Keshk, S.M.A.S., 2024. Methylene Blue Adsorption by Fe3O4 Nanoparticles: An Optimization Study Using Response Surface Methodology. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 47, e202400006. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.202400006.

Handayani, S.N., Irmanto, I., and Indriyani, N.N., 2023. Determination of The Adsorption Kinetics for Adsorption Methylene Blue Dye with C-4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene. Molekul, 18, 107–116. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.6768.

Hameed, H., Waheed, A., Sharif, M.S., Saleem, M., Afreen, A., Tariq, M., Kamal, A., Al-onazi, W.A., Al Farraj, D.A., Ahmad, S., and Mahmoud, R.M., 2023. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles from Green Algae and Their Assessment in Various Biological Applications. Micromachines. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14050928.

Hasan, M.A., Hossain, R., and Sahajwalla, V., 2024. Utilization of Battery Waste Derived ZnO in the Removal of Dye from Aqueous Solution: A Waste to Wealth Approach. Journal of environmental management, 356, 120461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120461.

Helali, S., Rashad, M., Ben Mabrouk, A., Alanazi, M.A.A., and Mustafa, M.S., 2024. Structural Analysis and Adsorption Studies of (PbO, MgO) Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Efficient Methylene Blue Dye Removal from Water. Materials. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122890.

Hessien, M., 2023. Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption on Iron Oxide-Hydrochar Composite Synthesized via a Facile Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization of Pomegranate Peels’ Waste. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28114526.

Hkiri, K., Elsayed, H., Mohamed, A., and Abodouh, M.M., 2024. Experimental and Theoretical Insights into the Adsorption Mechanism of Methylene Blue on the (002) WO3 Surface. Scientific Reports, 14, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-78491-3.

Jadoun, S., Arif, R., Jangid, N.K., and Meena, R.K., 2021. Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts: A Review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19, 355–374.

Jamel, H.O., Jasim, M.H., Mahdi, M.A., Ganduh, S.H., Batool, M., Jasim, L.S., and Haider, M.N., 2025. Adsorption of Rhodamine B Dye from Solution Using 3-((1-(4-((1H-Benzo[d]Imidazol-2-Yl)Amino)Phenyl)Ethylidene)Amino)Phenol (BIAPEHB)/ P(AA-Co-AM) Composite. Desalination and Water Treatment, 321, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101019.

Jaramillo-Fierro, X., and Cuenca, G., 2024. Enhancing Methylene Blue Removal through Adsorption and Photocatalysis—A Study on the GO/ZnTiO3/TiO2 Composite. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084367.

Jefri, J., Fithri, N.A., and Ramadhan, N., 2025. Enhanced Selectivity of Ni/Al LDH for Cationic Dye Adsorption via Gambier Leaf Extract Modification. Indonesian Journal of Material Research, 3, 1–7.

Kar, P., Muduli, S., Nayak, S., Nayak, R.K., and Parhi, P.K., 2025. A Comprehensive Review on Biogenic Synthesis and Environmental - Applications of Precious Metal Nanoparticles. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 13, 119164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2025.119164.

Khan, I., Saeed, K., Zekker, I., Zhang, B., Hendi, A.H., Ahmad, A., Ahmad, S., Zada, N., Ahmad, H., Shah, L.A., Shah, T., and Khan, Ibrahim, 2022. Review on Methylene Blue: Its Properties, Uses, Toxicity and Photodegradation. Water. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020242.

Khan, Y., Sadia, H., Ali Shah, S.Z., Khan, M.N., Shah, A.A., Ullah, N., Ullah, M.F., Bibi, H., Bafakeeh, O.T., Khedher, N.B., Eldin, S.M., Fadhl, B.M., and Khan, M.I., 2022. Classification, Synthetic, and Characterization Approaches to Nanoparticles, and Their Applications in Various Fields of Nanotechnology: A Review. Catalysts. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12111386.

Kuang, Y., Zhang, X., and Zhou, S., 2020. Adsorption of Methylene Blue in Water onto Activated Carbon by Surfactant Modification. Water, 12, 587.

Li, H., Budarin, V.L., Clark, J.H., North, M., and Wu, X., 2022. Rapid and Efficient Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Solution by Hierarchically Porous, Activated Starbons®: Mechanism and Porosity Dependence. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 436, 129174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129174.

Li, J., Han, L., Zhang, T., Qu, C., Yu, T., and Yang, B., 2022. Removal of Methylene Blue by Metal Oxides Supported by Oily Sludge Pyrolysis Residues. Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094725.

Li, Z., Sun, Y., Ge, S., Zhu, F., Yin, F., Gu, L., Yang, F., Hu, P., Chen, G., Wang, K., and Volinsky, A.A., 2023. An Overview of Synthesis and Structural Regulation of Magnetic Nanomaterials Prepared by Chemical Coprecipitation. Metals. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13010152.

Li, Z., Zhang, L., and Yuan, G., 2025. Development of Cu@Zr-MOFs-PAN Nanofiber Composites for Efficient Methylene Blue Adsorption in Wastewater Treatment. Polymers, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17172404.

Lismawati, M., and Nasra, E., 2024. Adsorpsi Zat Warna Rhodamine B Menggunakan Selulosa Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa Balbisiana Colla). Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 8, 27258–27264.

Lu, K., Wang, T., Zhai, L., Wu, W., Dong, S., Gao, S., and Mao, L., 2019. Adsorption Behavior and Mechanism of Fe-Mn Binary Oxide Nanoparticles: Adsorption of Methylene Blue. Journal of Colloid And Interface Science, 539, 553–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.094.

Mabate, T.P., Maqunga, N.P., Ntshibongo, S., Maumela, M., and Bingwa, N., 2023. Metal Oxides and Their Roles in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Special Emphasis on Synthesis Protocols, Intrinsic Properties, and Their Influence in Transfer Hydrogenation Reactions. SN Applied Sciences, 5, 196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05416-6.

Maddhinni, V.L., Vurimindi, H.B., and Yerramilli, A., 2006. Degradation of Azo Dye with Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP). Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, 86, 507.

Makeswari, M., and Saraswathi, P., 2020. Photo Catalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Methyl Orange from Aqueous Solution Using Solar Light onto Chitosan Bi-Metal Oxide Composite. SN applied Sciences, 2, 336.

Mbachu, C.A., Babayemi, A.K., Egbosiuba, T.C., Ike, J.I., Ani, I.J., and Mustapha, S., 2023. Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Taguchi Design of Experiment Method for Effective Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Methyl Orange from Textile Wastewater. Results in Engineering, 19, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101198.

Mondal, S., 2008. Methods of Dye Removal from Dye House Effluent—an Overview. Environmental Engineering Science, 25, 383–396.

Munonde, T.S., Nqombolo, A., Hobongwana, S., Mpupa, A., and Nomngongo, P.N., 2023. Removal of Methylene Blue Using MnO2@rGO Nanocomposite from Textile Wastewater: Isotherms, Kinetics and Thermodynamics Studies. Heliyon, 9, e15502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15502.

Ngatijo, N., Gusmaini, N., Bemis, R., and Basuki, R., 2021. Adsorpsi Methylene Blue Pada Nanopartikel Magnetit Tersalut Asam Humat: Kajian Isoterm Dan Kinetika. CHEESA: Chemical Engineering Research Articles, 4, 51. https://doi.org/10.25273/cheesa.v4i1.8433.51-64.

Niu, B., Zhang, F., Ping, H., Li, N., Zhou, J., Lei, L., Xie, J., Zhang, J., Wang, W., and Fu, Z., 2017. Sol-Gel Autocombustion Synthesis of Nanocrystalline High-Entropy Alloys. Scientific Reports, 7, 3421. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03644-6.

Onu, D.C., Babayemi, A.K., Egbosiuba, T.C., Okafor, B.O., Ani, I.J., Mustapha, S., Tijani, J.O., Ulakpa, W.C., Ovuoraye, P.E., and Abdulkareem, A.S., 2023. Isotherm, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Recyclability and Mechanism of Ultrasonic Assisted Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Lead (II) Ions Using Green Synthesized Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring and Management, 20, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2023.100818.

Pan, B., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Xu, J., Chen, L., Dong, H., and Zhang, W., 2014. Acid and Organic Resistant Nano-Hydrated Zirconium Oxide (HZO)/Polystyrene Hybrid Adsorbent for Arsenic Removal from Water. Chemical Engineering Journal, 248, 290–296.

Pazhoor, M.T., Gautam, P.K., Samanta, S., Suman, Bangotra, P., and Banerjee, S., 2021. Performance Assessment of Zn–Sn Bimetal Oxides for the Removal of Inorganic Arsenic in Groundwater. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 14, 100600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2021.100600.

Pisceselia, D.F., Putri, R.E.D., and Gayatri, R., 2026. Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon: Synthesis, Influencing Factors, and Applications in Environmental Remediation – A Review. Chemical Engineering Journal Storage, 6, 306–325. https://doi.org/10.29103/cejs.v6i2.26954.

Praipipat, P., Ngamsurach, P., Srirat, P., and Chaiphumee, P., 2024. Engineered Biosorbents of Pomelo (Citrus Maxima (Burm.f.) Merr) Peels Modified with Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide for Methylene Blue Dye Sorption. Scientific Reports, 14, 5763. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56499-z.

Puttaningaiah, K.P.C.H., 2024. Innovative Carbonaceous Materials and Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Biosensor Applications. Nanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231890.

Qulub, T., Haniyyah, N., Munandar, A., and Kustomo, K., 2024. Isolation and Caracterization of Humic Acid from Organic Waste as an Adsorbent for Rhodamine B. Journal of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Research, 10, 128–138.

Rahmadan, J., Parhusip, V., Palapa, N.R., Taher, T., Mohadi, R., and Lesbani, A., 2021. ZnAl-Humic Acid Composite as Adsorbent of Cadmium (II) From Aqueous Solution 6. Science and Technology Indonesia, 6, 247-255. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2021.6.4.247-255.

Ramesh, A. V, Devi, D.R., Botsa, S.M., and Basavaiah, K., 2018. Facile Green Synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Zanthoxylum Armatum DC. for Efficient Adsorption of Methylene Blue. Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 6, 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/21870764.2018.1459335.

Rani, B., Maheshwari, R., Yadav, R.K., Pareek, D., and Sharma, A., 2013. Resolution to Provide Safe Drinking Water for Sustainability of Future Perspectives. Res J Chem Environ Sci, 1, 50–54.

Rorissa, G.L., Tesema, E.A., M, R.P.D., Hunde, A.R., Beyena, S.Y., Biru, M.A., Mekonnen, D.T., and Adnualem, T.L., 2025. Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Textile Industry Wastewater Using Green Synthesized Teff Straw Assisted ZnO Nanoparticle. Scientific Reports, 15, 1–16.

Sabar, S., Aziz, H.A., Yusof, N.H., Subramaniam, S., Foo, K.Y., Wilson, L.D., and Lee, H.K., 2020. Preparation of Sulfonated Chitosan for Enhanced Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 151, 104584.

Sahu, O., and Singh, N., 2019. Significance of Bioadsorption Process on Textile Industry Wastewater, in: The Impact and Prospects of Green Chemistry for Textile Technology. pp. 367–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102491-1.00013-7.

Saini, R.D., 2017. Textile Organic Dyes: Polluting Effects and Elimination Methods from Textile Waste Water. Int J Chem Eng Res, 9, 121–136.

Santoso, E., Ediati, R., Kusumawati, Y., Bahruji, H., Sulistiono, D.O., and Prasetyoko, D., 2020. Review on Recent Advances of Carbon Based Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Removal from Waste Water. Materials Today Chemistry, 16, 100233.

Seisenbaeva, G.A., and Kessler, V.G., 2014. Precursor Directed Synthesis – “Molecular” Mechanisms in the Soft Chemistry Approaches and Their Use for Template-Free Synthesis of Metal, Metal Oxide and Metal Chalcogenide Nanoparticles and Nanostructures. Nanoscale, 6, 6229–6244. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3nr06336d.

Sharma, J., Sharma, S., and Soni, V., 2021. Classification and Impact of Synthetic Textile Dyes on Aquatic Flora: A Review. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 45, 101802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101802.

Singh, K.K., Senapati, K.K., and Sarma, K.C., 2017. Synthesis of Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Coated with Green Tea Polyphenols and Their Use for Removal of Dye Pollutant from Aqueous Solution. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5, 2214–2221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.04.022.

Stankic, S., Suman, S., Haque, F., and Vidic, J., 2016. Pure and Multi Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Properties. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 14, 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-016-0225-6.

Stark, F.W., Thue, P.S., Missio, A.L., Machado, F.M., Delucis, R.D.A., and Andreazza, R., 2025. Cellulose-Based Aerogels for Environmentally Sustainable Applications: A Review of the Production, Modification, and Sorption of Environmental Contaminants. Polymers, 17, 1–21.

Stephenson, R.J., and Duff, S.J.B., 1996. Coagulation and Precipitation of a Mechanical Pulping Effluent—I. Removal of Carbon, Colour and Turbidity. Water research, 30, 781–792.

Suhaimia, L., Yuwonob, A.H., and Subhan, A., 2020. Pengaruh Perlakuan Hidrotermal Terhadap Morfologi, Sifat Optik, Dan Sifat Listrik Lapisan Tipis Nanorods ZnO. Metalurgi, 3, 99–104.

Sun, L., Hu, D., Zhang, Z., and Deng, X., 2019. Oxidative Degradation of Methylene Blue via PDS-Based Advanced Oxidation Process Using Natural Pyrite. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 4773.

Tara, N., Alzahrani, E.A., Alsebaii, N.M., Dwivedi, P., Al-Ghamdi, A.A., Aldahiri, R.H., Nguyen, H.T., Oh, S., and Chaudhry, S.A., 2025. Novel Hybrid RGO-BC@ZrO2 Composite: A Material for Methylene Blue Adsorption. Water (Switzerland), 17, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17050627.

Titchou, F.E., Ait Akbour, R., Assabbane, A., and Hamdani, M., 2020. Removal of Cationic Dye from Aqueous Solution Using Moroccan Pozzolana as Adsorbent: Isotherms, Kinetic Studies, and Application on Real Textile Wastewater Treatment. Groundwater for sustainable development, 11, 100405.

Tubon-Usca, G., Centeno, C., Pomasqui, S., Beneduci, A., and Arias, F.A., 2025. Enhanced Adsorption of Methylene Blue in Wastewater Using Natural Zeolite Impregnated with Graphene Oxide. Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052824.

Vallejo, W., Diaz-Uribe, C.E., and Duran, F., 2023. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Study of Methylene Blue Adsorption on TiO2 and ZnO Thin Films. Materials. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124434.

Wardhani, G.A.P.K., and Yahya, A., 2025. Adsorption Condition Of Geopolymer Synthesized From Corncob Ash Using NaOH AND NaSiO for Methylene Blue Removal. Jurnal Sains Natural, 15, 19–27.

Wasilewska, M., Derylo-Marczewska, A., and Marczewski, A.W., 2024. Comprehensive Studies of Adsorption Equilibrium and Kinetics for Selected Aromatic Organic Compounds on Activated Carbon. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092038.

Wijanarko, A.B., and Irfa’i, M.A., 2023. Studi Temperatur Hidrotermal Pada Sintesis Hidroksiapatit Yang Berasal Dari Tulang Sapi Untuk Aplikasi Biomaterial. JTM, 12, 1–6.

Yadav, S., Sharma, G., Malik, S., Khyalia, P., and Gupta, A., 2024. Lemon Peel-Extracted Recyclable Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption: Optimization, Isotherms, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Reusability Study. ChemistrySelect, 9, e202404178. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202404178.

Ye, S., Hu, J., Zhao, Q., Chen, L., Li, C., Nong, R., and Chen, J., 2025. Insights into Enhancing Microplastics Adsorption of Sludge-Based Biochar by APTES Grafting: Combining Individual Binding and Aggregation Confinement. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 500, 140336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.140336.

Yu, F., Tian, F., Zou, H., Ye, Z., Peng, C., Huang, J., Zheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Wei, X., and Gao, B., 2021. ZnO/Biochar Nanocomposites via Solvent Free Ball Milling for Enhanced Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 415, 125511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125511.

Yu, Z., Hu, C., Dichiara, A.B., Jiang, W., and Gu, J., 2020. Cellulose Nanofibril / Carbon Nanomaterial Hybrid Aerogels for Adsorption Removal of Cationic and Anionic Organic Dyes. Nanomaterials, 10, 1–20.

Zango, Z.U., Dennis, J.O., Aljameel, A.I., Usman, F., Ali, M.K.M., Abdulkadir, B.A., Algessair, S., Aldaghri, O.A., and Ibnaouf, K.H., 2022. Effective Removal of Methylene Blue from Simulated Wastewater Using ZnO-Chitosan Nanocomposites: Optimization, Kinetics, and Isotherm Studies. Molecules, 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154746.

Zhang, P., O’Connor, D., Wang, Y., Jiang, L., Xia, T., Wang, L., Tsang, D.C.W., Ok, Y.S., and Hou, D., 2020. A Green Biochar/Iron Oxide Composite for Methylene Blue Removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 384, 121286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121286.

Zhang, X., Sathiyaseelan, A., Zhang, L., Lu, Y., Jin, T., and Wang, H., 2024. Zirconium and Cerium Dioxide Fabricated Activated Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Enhanced Adsorption and Photocatalytic Removal of Methylene Blue and Tetracycline Hydrochloride. Environmental Research Journal, 261, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.119720.

Zhang, L., Wang, Y., and Zhou, J., 2021. Environmental Toxicity and Removal Strategies of Methylene Blue Dye: A review. Chemosphere, 282, 130928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130928.

Zhang, X., Huang, C., and Zhao, Y., 2022. MnO₂-based Nanomaterials for Efficient Adsorption of Dyes from Wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 432, 128673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128673.

Zhou, S., Du, Z., Li, X., Zhang, Yunhai, He, Y., and Zhang, Yongjun, 2019. Degradation of Methylene Blue by Natural Manganese Oxides: Kinetics and Transformation Products. Royal Society Open Science, 6, 190351.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.22.2.118131.292-307

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.