Optimizing Entisols properties and enhancing melon (Cucumis melo L.) yields using biofilm biofertilizer, organic matter, and NPK fertilization

Entisols have significant agricultural potential but also limitation by a high sand fraction and unstable soil aggregates, leading to low nutrient levels and poor water-holding capacity. This study aims to determine the optimal combination of biofilm biofertilizer, organic matter, and NPK fertilizer to improve it soil properties and enhance melon yields (Cucumis melo L.). A completely randomized block design was employed, consisting of three treatment factors: biofilm biofertilizer (BiO2) formulation (without BiO2, formula 1, and formula 2), organic matter dosages (0, 1.25, and 2.5 kg plant^-1), and NPK dosages (0%, 50%, and 100% of the recommended dosage). The variables observed included soil properties (bulk density, aggregate stability, soil organic carbon (SOC), and available phosphorus), melon growth and yield. Data was analyzed using ANOVA at a 95% confidence level, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) if any significant effects. The results showed that the interaction among BiO2, organic matter, and NPK significantly affected soil properties, enabling a reduction in NPK applications by up to 50% when combined with BiO2 and organic matter. The application of 2.5 kg plant^-1 of organic matteroutperformed 1.25 kg plant^-1 in improving bulk density, aggregate stability, available-P, P-uptake, plant dry weight, and melon yields; however, significant differences between these doses were observed only for available P and P uptake. This study can serve as a reference for determining fertilizer dosages to increase melon yields while improving the soil properties of Entisols and expanding their agricultural use.