Correction and Retraction

Authors and readers should report substantive errors or integrity concerns through the Sains Tanah editorial office. The journal assesses whether clarification, correction, an expression of concern, or retraction is necessary to protect readers and the scholarly record.

Corrections

A correction addresses a material error or omission when the central findings remain reliable. The notice identifies the article, explains the changes, and links to the corrected record. Changes must be transparent, dated, and distinguishable from the original version; earlier versions should be preserved. Author-originated and production-originated errors may be identified as a corrigendum or erratum, respectively.

Expressions of concern

An expression of concern may alert readers to a substantial unresolved issue when an investigation is incomplete or reliable conclusions cannot yet be reached. It is not a finding of misconduct. The notice will be updated or followed by another notice when sufficient information becomes available.

Retractions

Retraction may be appropriate when findings are unreliable because of major error, fabrication, or falsification; when an article involves plagiarism or unjustified redundant publication; when material was used without authorization or serious rights violations occurred; when research was unethical; when peer review was compromised; or when a major undisclosed competing interest materially affected interpretation or editorial assessment.

A retraction notice identifies the affected article, who is retracting it, and the evidence-based reasons. It distinguishes honest error from established misconduct where possible. The notice and article will be linked, and the article will ordinarily remain accessible with prominent retraction labeling. Authors will be consulted, but their agreement is not required for justified action. Removal is exceptional and requires a compelling reason.