Hide
Show all
Email this article 
Improving electrochemical sensor performance for detection of 3-MCPD based on moleculary imprinted polymer-Nd2O3-Graphene
Abstract
Palm oil is a key raw material in the food industry with significant strategic value. However, during the refining and deodorization processes, it can produce 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), a compound known to be carcinogenic. Therefore, a detection method with high selectivity and sensitivity is essential. In this study, an electrochemical sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was developed and integrated with neodymium oxide–graphene (Nd₂O₃/Gr) nanocomposites. Characterization techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the successful fabrication and favorable morphology of the MIPs–Nd₂O₃/Gr composites. The sensor’s performance was evaluated using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry methods. The incorporation of Nd₂O₃ and graphene significantly enhanced the sensor’s ability to detect 3-MCPD, demonstrating excellent linearity (R² = 0.9932) across a wide concentration range. Moreover, pH was found to play a critical role in low-concentration detection, influencing the sensor’s response. These findings indicate that the MIPs–Nd₂O₃/Gr sensor offers high selectivity and sensitivity, making it a promising candidate for monitoring 3-MCPD levels in food products and enhancing food safety control.
Keywords
References
[1] H. Rahman, J. P. Sitompul, and S. Tjokrodiningrat, “The composition of fatty acids in several vegetable oils from Indonesia,” Biodiversitas J. Biol. Divers., vol. 23, no. 4, 2022.
[2] Z. Xu, Z. Ye, Y. Li, J. Li, and Y. Liu, “Comparative study of the oxidation stability of high oleic oils and palm oil during thermal treatment,” J. Oleo Sci., vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 573–584, 2020.
[3] R. Jędrkiewicz, M. Kupska, A. Głowacz, J. Gromadzka, and J. Namieśnik, “3-MCPD: A worldwide problem of food chemistry,” Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., vol. 56, no. 14, pp. 2268–2277, 2016.
[4] E. Mela and D. S. Bintang, “Virgin coconut oil (VCO): production, advantages, and potential utilization in various food products.,” 2021.
[5] R. G. Tivanello et al., “Mitigation studies based on the contribution of chlorides and acids to the formation of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and glycidyl esters in palm oil,” ACS Food Sci. Technol., vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 1190–1197, 2021.
[6] S. S. Syed Putra et al., “3-Monochloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD): A review on properties, occurrence, mechanism of formation, toxicity, analytical approach and mitigation strategy,” J. Food Meas. Charact., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 3592–3615, 2023.
[7] H. Zhou, Q. Jin, X. Wang, and X. Xu, “Direct measurement of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol fatty acid esters in oils and fats by HPLC method,” Food Control, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 111–118, 2014.
[8] P. Ioime, E. Piva, M. Pozzebon, and J. P. Pascali, “Automated sample preparation and analysis by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) for the determination of 3-and 2-monochloropropanediol (MCPD) esters and glycidol esters in edible oils,” J. Chromatogr. A, vol. 1650, p. 462253, 2021.
[9] E. Moravcova, L. Vaclavik, O. Lacina, V. Hrbek, K. Riddellova, and J. Hajslova, “Novel approaches to analysis of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol esters in vegetable oils,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem., vol. 402, no. 9, pp. 2871–2883, 2012.
[10] Y. T. Yaman, G. Bolat, T. B. Saygin, and S. Abaci, “Molecularly imprinted label-free sensor platform for impedimetric detection of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2˗ diol,” Sens. Actuators B Chem., vol. 328, p. 128986, 2021.
[11] W. Kim et al., “Analysis of 3-MCPD and 1, 3-DCP in various foodstuffs using GC-MS,” Toxicol. Res., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 313–319, 2015.
[12] S. N. S. N. Mahiran, N. H. Abd Kadir, M. Maulidiani, T. R. T. Mohamad, N. J. Gooderham, and M. Alam, “Multivariate modelling analysis for prediction of glycidyl esters and 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) formation in periodically heated palm oil,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 10, 2023.
[13] F. M. Oliveira, J. Azadmanjiri, X. Wang, M. Yu, and Z. Sofer, “Structure design and processing strategies of MXene‐based materials for electromagnetic interference shielding,” Small Methods, vol. 7, no. 7, p. 2300112, 2023.
[14] E. Buffon and N. R. Stradiotto, “Disposable p-coumaric acid sensor containing reduced graphene oxide, nickel nanoparticles and biodegradable molecularly imprinted polymer for fruit peel analysis,” J. Food Compos. Anal., vol. 118, p. 105186, 2023.
[15] M. B. Regasa, T. R. Soreta, O. E. Femi, P. C. Ramamurthy, and S. Kumar, “Molecularly imprinted polyaniline molecular receptor–based chemical sensor for the electrochemical determination of melamine,” J. Mol. Recognit., vol. 33, no. 7, p. e2836, 2020.
[16] X. Bai, B. Zhang, M. Liu, X. Hu, G. Fang, and S. Wang, “Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on polypyrrole/dopamine@ graphene incorporated with surface molecularly imprinted polymers thin film for recognition of olaquindox,” Bioelectrochemistry, vol. 132, p. 107398, 2020.
[17] H. da Silva, J. G. Pacheco, J. M. Magalhães, S. Viswanathan, and C. Delerue-Matos, “MIP-graphene-modified glassy carbon electrode for the determination of trimethoprim,” Biosens. Bioelectron., vol. 52, pp. 56–61, 2014.
[18] G. Fadillah, K. Toda, and S.-I. Ohira, “One-stage chiral enrichment process by continuous flow electrodialysis with molecularly imprinted membrane,” Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 305, p. 122492, 2023.
[19] T. A. Saleh and G. Fadillah, “Recent trends in the design of chemical sensors based on graphene–metal oxide nanocomposites for the analysis of toxic species and biomolecules,” TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., vol. 120, p. 115660, 2019.
[20] W. Cheng, Q. Zhang, D. Wu, Y. Yang, Y. Zhang, and X. Tang, “A facile electrochemical method for rapid determination of 3-chloropropane-1, 2-diol in soy sauce based on nanoporous gold capped with molecularly imprinted polymer,” Food Control, vol. 134, p. 108750, 2022.
[21] I. R. Banurea, A. R. Sanjaya, N. M. Nizardo, and T. A. Ivandini, “Molecularly imprinted polymer of p-amino thiophenol for a 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol impedance-based sensor,” Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 301, p. 127613, 2023.
[22] K. M. Goh, Y. H. Wong, C. P. Tan, and K. L. Nyam, “A summary of 2-, 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl ester occurrence during frying and baking processes,” Curr. Res. Food Sci., vol. 4, pp. 460–469, 2021.
[23] R. Hidayat, G. Fadillah, F. I. Fajarwati, A. D. N. Ramdani, and Q. A. Hanif, “Highly sensitive electrochemical sensor based Nd2O3/graphene for monitoring additive compounds in palm oil product,” Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 329, p. 130121, 2025.
[24] S. Kang et al., “Highly sensitive pressure sensor based on bioinspired porous structure for real‐time tactile sensing,” Adv. Electron. Mater., vol. 2, no. 12, p. 1600356, 2016.
[25] S. Wang et al., “Constructing a novel composite of molecularly imprinted polymer-coated AuNPs electrochemical sensor for the determination of 3-nitrotyrosine,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 259, pp. 893–902, 2018.
[26] E. H. Sujiono, A. M. A. Saputra, B. D. Usman, N. Fadilah, D. Zabrian, and N. Azizah, “Coconut shell waste-derived graphene oxide composite with neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) for advanced applications,” Results Mater., vol. 20, p. 100480, 2023.
[27] R. Hidayat, S. Wahyuningsih, and A. H. Ramelan, “Simple synthesis of rGO (reduced graphene oxide) by thermal reduction of GO (graphene oxide),” in IOP conference series: materials science and engineering, IOP Publishing, 2020, p. 012009.
[28] K. Alshammari, T. Alashgai, A. H. Alshammari, M. M. Abdelhamied, S. Alotibi, and A. Atta, “Effects of Nd2O3 nanoparticles on the structural characteristics and dielectric properties of PVA polymeric films,” Polymers, vol. 15, no. 20, p. 4084, 2023.
[29] T. Munawar et al., “Rational design and electrochemical validation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) supported CeO2-Nd2O3/rGO ternary nanocomposite as an efficient material for supercapacitor electrodes,” J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 1853–1868, 2023.
[30] R. Lok, E. Budak, and E. Yilmaz, “Structural characterization and electrical properties of Nd2O3 by sol–gel method,” J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 3111–3118, 2020.
[31] V. H. Özyurt, G. Can, and Ü. Anık, “Development of electrochemical 3-MCPD sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer coating on metal organic framework modified gold electrode,” J. Food Compos. Anal., vol. 138, p. 107004, 2025.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
