.jpg)
Email this article 
.png)
.png)
The Role of Knowledge, Creativity and Self-Confidence in the Performance of High School Prinsipals Using SEM-SmartPLS Analysis
Abstract
Effective leadership hinges on knowledge, creativity, and self-confidence in dynamic school environments. This study examines the contribution of these traits to high school principals' performance in leadership. Employing a quantitative approach, a survey was conducted with 75 respondents selected from a population of 308 using random sampling. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS software version 3.0, allowing in-depth exploration of the relationships between knowledge, creativity, self-confidence, and performance. The findings reveal that knowledge contributes 45%, creativity 30%, and self-confidence 25% to leadership effectiveness, collectively accounting for 87.5% of the variance in performance among school principals. Principals with strong knowledge, creativity, and self-confidence are better equipped to implement innovative strategies, motivate staff, and achieve educational goals. This study underscores the importance of professional development programs to enhance these attributes, emphasizing creativity and decision-making skills. Such initiatives can better prepare principals to navigate the complexities of modern educational leadership, including curriculum changes, resource constraints, and technological advancements. The research offers actionable insights for policymakers, educators, and administrators aiming to improve school leadership quality. It also highlights the mediating role of self-confidence in translating knowledge and creativity into practical leadership actions. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on leadership in education and provide a foundation for future studies to explore additional factors influencing principals’ performance.
Keywords
References
Aas, M., Vennebo, K., & Halvorsen, K. (2019). Benchlearning – an action research program for transforming leadership and school practices. Educational Action Research, 28(2), 210-226. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2019.1566084
Amabile, T. M. (1998). How to kill creativity. Harvard Business Review 76, no. 5 (September–October 1998): 76–87.
A’mar, F., & Eleyan, D. (2022). Effect of Principal’s Technology Leadership on Teacher’s Technology Integration. International Journal of Instruction, 15(1), 781–798. Retrieved from https://e-iji.net/ats/index.php/pub/article/view/475
Anselmus Dami, Z., Budi Wiyono, B., Imron, A., Burhanuddin, B., Supriyanto, A., & Daliman, M. (2022). Principal self-efficacy for instructional leadership in the perspective of principal strengthening training: work engagement, job satisfaction and motivation to leave. Cogent Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2064407
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman [Ed.], Encyclopedia of mental health. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998).
Babu, G., Rao, T., Ahmed, S., & Gupta, K. (2008). Relationship between leadership capability and knowledge management: a measurement approach. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 07(02), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219649208001968
Bottoms, G. & O’Neill, K. (2001). Preparing a new breed of school principals: It’s time for action. Atlanta, GA: Southern Regional Education Board.
Chemers, M. M., Watson, C. B., & May, S. T. (2000). Dispositional Affect and Leadership Effectiveness: A Comparison of Self-Esteem, Optimism, and Efficacy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(3), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200265001
Chen, H.-H., & Yuan, Y.-H. (2021). The Study of the Relationships of Teacher’s Creative Teaching, Imagination, and Principal’s Visionary Leadership. Sage Open, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211029932
Chen, Y. (2008). Discussion on the standard framework A of primary andsecondary school principals. Retrieved from http://www.teacherclub.com.cn/tresearch/channel/company/hot/8589.html. [in Chinese]
Collins J. (2009). How the mighty fall: And why some companies never give in. New York: HarperCollins
Drago-Severson, E., Maslin-Ostrowski, P., & Blum-Destefano, J. (2018). Looking behind the Curtain. Journal of School Leadership, 28(3), 315–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/105268461802800303
Durham, C. C., Knight, D., & Locke, E. A. (1997). Effects of leader role, team-set goal difficulty, efficacy, and tactics on team effectiveness. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 72(2), 203-231. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2739
Fang, R., Landis, B., Zhang, Z., Anderson, M. H., Shaw, J. D., & Kilduff, M. (2015). Integrating Personality and Social Networks: A Meta-Analysis of Personality, Network Position, and Work Outcomes in Organizations. Organization Science, 26(4), 1243–1260. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2015.0972
Farahbakhsh, S. (2011). The study of relationship between the philosophic mind ness and creativity of school principals. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 1551–1555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.329
Farahbakhsh, S. (2012). The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Increasing Quality of Work Life in School Principals. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.062
Ferrandino, V. L. (2001). Challenges for 21st-Century Elementary School Principals. Phi Delta Kappan, 82(6), 440-442. https://doi.org/10.1177/003172170108200606
Feng, D., & Feng, D. (2020). China’s school leadership: an overview. Understanding China’s School Leadership: Interpreting the Terminology, 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0749-6_1
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Fred, A. and Singh, G. (2021). Instructional leadership practices in under-enrolled rural schools in miri, sarawak. Asian Journal of University Education, 17(1), 165. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i1.12694
Fullan, M. (2001). The New Meaning of Educational Change. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203986561
Glewwe, P. W., Hanushek, E. A., Humpage, S. D., & Ravina, R. (2011). School resources and educational outcomes in developing countries: A review of the literature from 1990 to 2010.https://doi.org/10.3386/w17554
Greco, A. M., Guilera, G., & Pereda, N. (2017). School staff members experience and knowledge in the reporting of potential child and youth victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 72, 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.07.004
Guilford, J. P. (1975). Varieties of Creative Giftedness, Their Measurement and Development. Gifted Child Quarterly, 19(2), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/001698627501900216
Gümüş, S., Liu, Y., Bellibaş, M. Ş., & Lee, M. (2024). A global typology of school principals’ time use: Exploring the effects of contextual and individual factors. International Journal of Educational Research, 125, 102343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2024.102343
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Hair, J.R., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R, L., Black W.C. (2019). Multivariate data analysis with readings, eighth edition, Macmillan. Publishing Company, New York.
Hess, F. M., & Kelly, A. P. (2007). Learning to Lead: What Gets Taught in Principle-Preparation Programs. Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education, 109(1), 244–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146810710900105
Horng, E. L., Klasik, D., & Loeb, S. (2009). Principal Time-Use and School Effectiveness. Working Paper No. 34. National Center for Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Education Research.
Iacobucci, D., Saldanha, N., & Deng, X. (2007). A Meditation on Mediation: Evidence That Structural Equations Models Perform Better Than Regressions. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(2), 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70020-7
Irwin T. (2009). Derailed: Five lessons learned from catastrophic failures of leadership. Nashville, TN: Nelson.
Kanter, R. (2006). Confidence: How winning streaks and losing streaks begin and end. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press.
Latan, H., Chiappetta Jabbour, C. J., Lopes de Sousa Jabbour, A. B., Renwick, D. W. S., Wamba, S. F., & Shahbaz, M. (2018). ‘Too-much-of-a-good-thing’? The role of advanced eco-learning and contingency factors on the relationship between corporate environmental and financial performance. Journal of Environmental Management, 220, 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.012.
Lazaridou, A. (2009). The kinds of knowledge principal’s use: Implications for training. International Journal of Education Policy and Leadership, 4(10). https://doi.org/10.22230/ijepl.2009v4n10a187
Lee, S. W., & Mao, X. (2023). Recruitment and selection of principals: A systematic review. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 51(1), 6–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220969694
Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2006). Transformational school leadership for large-scale reform: Effects on students, teachers, and their classroom practices. School effectiveness and school improvement, 17(2), 201-227.https://doi.org/10.1080/09243450600565829
Leithwood, K., Seashore Louis, K., Anderson, S., & Wahlstrom, K. (2004). How leadership influences student learning. New York: The Wallace Foundation.
Leventis, C., Papakitsos, E. C., Karakiozis, K., and Argyriou, A. (2017) "Work-related Stress and Burnout Factors of Principals in Regional Greece: A Historical Perspective," Journal of Research Initiatives: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 1.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/jri/vol3/iss1/1
Levesque, L. C. (2001). Breakthrough creativity: Achieving top performance using the eight creative talents. Davies-Black Publishing.
Locke E. A. (1991). The essence of leadership: The four keys to leading successfully. New York: Lexington Books.
Locke, E.A., & Kirkpatrick, S.A. (1991). The essence of leadership : the four keys to leading successfully.
Mahfouz, J. (2020). Principals and stress: Few coping strategies for abundant stressors. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(3), 440–458. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143218817562
Luthans, F., Zhu, W., & Avolio, B. J. (2006). The impact of efficacy on work attitudes across cultures. Journal of World Business, 41(2), 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.003
McCormick, M. J. (2001). Self-Efficacy and Leadership Effectiveness: Applying Social Cognitive Theory to Leadership. Journal of Leadership Studies, 8(1), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190100800102
Mokhtarian, F., & Mohammadi, R. (2011). Effective factors on psychological aspects of employee empowerment. Case Study: employee's point of views in one of the sub-organizations of Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 786-790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.153
Mumford, M. D., Scott, G. M., Gaddis, B., & Strange, J. M. (2002). Leading creative people: Orchestrating expertise and relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(6), 705–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00158-3
Musadad, A. A., Sumarsono, R. B., Adha, M. A., Ariyanti, N. S., Abidin, N. F., & Kurniawan, D. A. (2022). Principal transformational leadership and teacher readiness to teach: Mediating role of self-efficacy. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 11(4), 1798. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i4.23259
Normore, A. H. (2004). Recruitment and selection: Meeting the leadership shortage in one largeCanadian school district. Canadian Journal ofEducational Administration and Policy, I30, May 12.
Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications.
Oreg, S. and Berson, Y. (2011). Leadership and employees’ reactions to change: the role of leaders’ personal attributes and transformational leadership style. Personnel Psychology, 64(3), 627-659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01221.x
Oyer, B. J. (2015). Teacher Perceptions of Principals’ Confidence, Humility, and Effectiveness. Journal of School Leadership, 25(4), 684–719. https://doi.org/10.1177/105268461502500405
Perets, S., Davidovich, N., & Lewin, E. (2023). Perceptions of leadership, self-confidence and leadership programs among teenage girls in Israel. Cogent Education, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2195742
Robinson, K. (2011). Out of our minds: Learning to be creative. Chichester, UK: John Wiley&Sons.https://doi.org/10.1002/9780857086549
Sepniwati, S., & Rahyasih, Y. (2020). Strategy of principal placement in improving the quality of education. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Research of Educational Administration and Management (ICREAM 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200130.147
Seyfhashemi, F. (2003). The study of relationship between philosophic mind ness of principals and amount of creativity of high school principals in Isfahan city. Quarterly of Education, 15(20), 28-32
Shalley, C. E., Zhou, J., & Oldham, G. R. (2004). The Effects of Personal and Contextual Characteristics on Creativity: Where Should We Go from Here? Journal of Management, 30(6), 933–958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.007
Slovin, E. (1960) Slovin’s formula for sampling technique. https://prudencexd.weebly.com/
Smith, K., & Petersen, J. (2011). Steering Capital: Optimizing Financial Support for Innovation in Public Education. Bellwether Education Partners.
Soleimani, N., & Tebyanian, E. (2011). A Study of the Relationship Between Principals’ Creativity and Degree of Environmental Happiness in Semnan High Schools. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1869–1876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.436
Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory ofhuman intelligence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (2001). The development of creativity. Creativity and Development, 91.
Stoll, L., & Temperley, J. (2009). Creative leadership: a challenge of our times. School Leadership & Management, 29(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632430802646404
Suryana, N., & Wahab, A. A. (2020). The effect of work discipline and organizational culture on service quality in teaching and learning process (Case study of civil servant teachers in Kuningan Area). Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Research of Educational Administration and Management (ICREAM 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200130.157
Syarifudin, E. (2002). Peranan pengetahuan kepemimpinan kepala sekolah. ALQALAM, 19(93), 133. https://doi.org/10.32678/alqalam.v19i93.458
Tang, C., Xu, J., Mao, S., & Naumann, S. E. (2024). The effects of creative personality on scientist creativity. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 51, 101465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2024.101465
Tang, C., & Zhang, G. (2022). The Moderating Effects of Firm’s and Industrial Co-Inventive Networks on the Relationship Between R& D Employees’ Mobility and Firm Creativity. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 69(5), 2102–2116. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2020.3001561
Tener, D., Lusky-Weisrose, E., Roe, D., Mor, R., Sigad, L. I., Shaharabani, M., Yahia-Zetawy, Y., Qwekiss-Halabi, S., & Rozenfeld-Tzafar, N. (2022). School principals coping with child sexual abuse in their schools. Child Abuse & Neglect, 129, 105656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105656
Tintoré, M., Cunha, R. S., Cabral, I., & Alves, J. J. M. (2022). A scoping review of problems and challenges faced by school leaders (2003–2019). Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 50(4), 536–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220942527
Vandenberghe, R. (1995), "Creative management of a school: a matter of vision and daily interventions", Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 31-51. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578239510081291
Wagner, R. K., & Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Practical intelligence in real-world pursuits: The role of tacit knowledge. Journal of personality and social psychology, 49(2), 436. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.2.436
Wijania, I. W. (2017). Kontribusi kepemimpinan pelayan kepala sekolah, motivasi kerja dan disiplin kerja terhadap kinerja guru. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.23887/jipp.v1i3.11983
Wills, Gabrielle. (2016). Principal leadership changes and their consequences for school performance in South Africa. International Journal of Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.08.005
Widodo, Arafat, Y., & Wardiah, D. (2021, July). The role of principal leadership in improving the quality of education. In International Conference on Education Universitas PGRI Palembang (INCoEPP 2021) (pp. 193-197). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210716.035
Woodman, T., Akehurst, S., Hardy, L., & Beattie, S. (2010). Self-confidence and performance: A little self-doubt helps. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(6), 467–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.05.009
Wood, R. E., & Bandura, A. (1989) Impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatorymechanisms and complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psy-chology, 56, 407-415.https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.3.407
Wu, H., Lin, Z., & Xie, C. (2010). The four major disadvantages of primary school principals in underdeveloped areas. Education Research Monthly, (8), 49e51. [in Chinese]
Zakirova, M. (2019). To The Problem of Forming Creative Information-Communication Competence of The Principal of General Education School. 2019 International Conference on Information Science and Communications Technologies (ICISCT), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICISCT47635.2019.9012061
Zhang, Q., Siribanpitak, P., & Charoenkul, N. (2018). Creative leadership strategies for primary school principals to promote teachers’ creativity in Guangxi, China. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2018.08.007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v8i2.93605
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Melky Malingkas, Kosmas Sobon, Jelvi M. Mangundap, Zhuldiz Anay
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
|
