Teaching Observational Learning to Children with Autism: Pedagogical Advancements for the Scientist-Practitioner

Nicole Luke, Nimi Singh

Abstract


Observational learning is an important skill for all children to acquire. Children with autism often do not demonstrate this skill nor do they learn it on their own. The present study, using a multiple baseline across participants, single case, research design, investigated the effects of using a peer-yoked contingency game with four male participants with autism, aged 4-7 years. Each participant was presented with a simple labeling task while his friend was seated beside him. Participants had the same partners throughout the treatment. Once the model response was emitted, the teacher presented the same task to the observing boy. Data were collected on correctly observed and emitted responses during the game. Pre- and post probes and tests were conducted for observational learning, generalized imitation, and learned reinforcement for peers. Results from this study provide support for the use of the peer-yoked contingency game as a method for increasing observational learning in children with autism. All four participants increased their correct responding to specific tasks and increased their demonstration of observational learning in a natural educational setting. Evidence of increased interest in peers was also observed. The present study provides support for the use of the peer-yoked contingency game to teach observational learning.


Keywords


pedagogy, Peer-yoked contingency game, social skills, observational learning, learned reinforcement, autism, peer-mediated interventions, teaching strategies

Full Text:

PDF
rticle

References


Albers, A.E., & Greer, R.D. (1991). Is the three-term contingency trial a predictor of effective

instruction? Journal of Behavioral Education, 1, 337-354.

American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders (4th Edition, Text Revision). Washington, DC: Author.

Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1963). Social Learning and Personality Development. New

York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.

Broto, J.A., & Greer, R.D. (2014). The effects of functional writing contingencies on second

graders’ writing and responding accurately to mathematical algorithms. Behavioral

Development Bulletin, 19 (1), p 7-18.

Catania, A. C. (1998). Learning (4th Edition). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Chan, J.M., Lang, R., Rispoli, M., O’Reilly, M., Sigafoos, J., & Cole, H. (2009). Use of peer-mediated interventions in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3, 876-889.

Cooper, J.O., Heron, T.E., & Heward, W.L. (2007). Applied Behavior Analysis (2nd Edition).

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.

Delgado, J.A.P., & Greer, R.D. (2009). The effects of peer monitoring training on the emergence

of the capability to learn from observing instruction received by peers. The Psychological

Record, 59, 407-434.

DeQuinzio, J.A., & Taylor, B.A. (2015). Teaching children with autism to discriminate the reinforced and nonreinforced responses of others: implications for observational learning. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48(1), 38-51.

Fryling, M.J., Johnston, C., & Hayes, L.J. (2011). Understanding observational learning: An

Interbehavioral approach. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 27, 191-203.

Garfinkle, A.N., & Schwartz, I.S. (2002). Peer imitation: increasing social interactions in

children with autism and other developmental disabilities in inclusive preschool

classrooms. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 22 (1), p. 26-38.

Greer, R. D., Dudek-Singer, J., & Gautreaux, G. (2006). Observational learning. International

Journal of Psychology, 41(6), 486-499.

Greer, R.D., & Ross, D.E. (2008). Verbal Behavior Analysis: Inducing and Expanding New

Verbal Capabilities in Children with Language Delays. Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.

Lawson, T.R., & Walsh, D. (2007). The effects of observational training on the acquisition of

reinforcement for listening. Journal of Early and Intensive Behaviour Intervention, 4(2),

-452.

Ledford, J. R., Gast, D. L., Luscre, D., & Ayres, K. M. (2008). Observational and incidental

learning by children with autism during small group instruction. Journal of Autism And

Developmental Disorders, 38(1), 86-103.

MacDonald, J., & Ahearn, W.H. (2015). Teaching observational learning to children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 48(4), 800-816.

Partington, J.W. (2006). Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills (ABLLS-R: Revised

Edition). California: Behavior Analysts, Inc.

Plavnick, J. B., & Hume, K. A. (2014). Observational learning by individuals with autism: A

review of teaching strategies. Autism, 18(4), 458-466.

Rothstein, M. B., & Gautreaux, G. G. (2007). The effects of a peer-yoked contingency on

observational learning and the collateral emergence of naming. Journal of Early and

Intensive Behavior Intervention, 4(2), 453-470.

Sparrow, S. S., Cicchetti, D. V., & Balla, D. A. (2005). Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales

(VABS-II: Second Edition). Livonia, MN: Pearson Assessments.

Tawney, J.W. & Gast, D.L. (1984). Single Subject Research in Special Education. New York,

NY: Macmillan Merrill.

Taylor, B.A., & DeQuinzio, J.A. (2012). Observational learning and children with autism.

Behavior Modification, 36(3), 341-360.

Taylor, B.A., DeQuinzio, J.A., & Stine, J. (2012). Increasing observational learning of children with autism: A preliminary analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 45(4), 815-820.

Townley-Cochran, D., Leaf, J.B., Taubman, M., Leaf, R., & McEachin, J. (2015). Observational learning for students diagnosed with autism: A review paper. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2, 262-272.

Varni, J.W., Lovaas, O.I., Koegel, R.L., & Everett, N.L. (1979). An analysis of observational

learning in autistic and normal children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 7, 31-43.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v2i2.20182

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2018 Nicole Luke, Nimi Singh

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

slot pulsa

parlay

slot gacor

slot

slot88

rokokbet

slot88

slot gacor

rokokbet

slot resmi

rokokbet

https://sandiegohills.org/

Situs Toto

Situs Toto

Dana4d

Situs Toto

Pan4D

Toto 4d

slot777

https://lppm.stba-jia.ac.id/

https://ppki.stba-jia.ac.id/

https://journal.iainkudus.id/

https://pmb.iainkudus.id/

https://jim.iainkudus.id/

https://iainkudus.id/

slot777

Situs Toto

Slot777

SITUS TOTO

PAN4D

PAN4D

Slot88

Toto 4d

situs toto

Slot88

https://pjam.propelmas.com/

https://ignitercasino.id/

situs toto

slot

slot thailand

bonus new member 100

slot bet 100

slot777

bonus 138

LINK GACOR

slot gacor

bandar togel

toto slot

kehebohan freddy main mahjong ways 2 bareng teman di kosan

arif naik bet langsung dapat 3 scatter di mahjong ways

zaki begadang tengah malam menang besar di mahjong ways

tomi subuh subuh main mahjong ways dapat scatter 3x langsung cair

perkalian x10 freespin bikin fandi menang besar di mahjong ways 2

penjual kopi raup jackpot di mahjong ways 2 tanpa pola ribet

modal 50 ribu tembus 5 juta kemenangan besar di mahjong ways

pemuda bandung dapat perkalian x10 di mahjong ways 2 tembus 11 juta

petani solo dapat scatter beruntun di mahjong ways tembus 8 juta

misteri freespin muncul 3x beruntun dengan perkalian x10 di mahjong ways

pecahan wild bawa kemenangan besar di mahjong ways

freespin tak terduga tembus 5 juta dengan bet kecil mahjong ways 2

pengalaman daniel dapat freespin jadi kemenangan besar di mahjong ways

eko dapat freespin beruntun bawa kemenangan emas di mahjong ways 2

rahasia scatter merah penuh selayar di mahjong ways

raih kemenangan besar tanpa modal besar bisa cuan harian

jackpot unik bawa kemenangan ekstra di mahjong ways 2

pemuda bogor dapat rezeki nomplok dari mahjong ways 2

cara mudah cari uang jajan tambahan setelah pulang kerja

main mahjong ways bisa cuan setiap hari dengan modal kecil

kisah sukses pegawai tangerang dapat kemenangan 15 juta mahjong ways

pemuda medan dapat rezeki nomplok freespin mahjong ways saat ngopi

jordi pemuda bali freespin ke 8 bawa kemenangan 20 juta mahjong ways 2

satu freespin bawa keuntungan besar jadi jutaan di mahjong ways

keajaiban freespin bawa rezeki besar saldo naik drastis

andri raih cuan besar dari freespin gratis mahjong ways

kemenangan beruntun bikin andre raih rezeki emas di mahjong ways 2

kejutan freespin bikin saldo damar melejit di mahjong ways

rahasia kemenangan mahjong ways 1 dan 2 member baru wede besar

satu freespin bawa kehebohan haris raih kemenangan 19 juta di layar

firman nemu hoki dari spin biasa dapat freespin x10 di mahjong ways

trik main mahjong biar profit terus tanpa modal besar wajib coba

hamid gak nyangka satu kali depo bawa jackpot besar mahjong ways

jefri penasaran coba mahjong ways 2 dari 50 ribu jadi jutaan

tomi spin mahjong ways saat ngantuk dapat freespin 11 juta

paul raih kemenangan pertama 1 juta dengan modal 20 ribu langusng cuan

bongkar trik anton pakai spin turbo 15x panggil scatter

kisah freespin bawa kemenangan besar 12 juta di mahjong ways

rendi dapat kejutan kemenangan besar di mahjong ways

keberuntungan tak terduga bawa rezeki besar di mahjong ways 2

freespin mahjong ways bikin ridwan cuan rp 11 200 000 di tengah malam

samsul pekerja pabrik menang besar di mahjong ways dan ubah hidup

rahasia andri main mahjong ways santai bisa dapat hasil maksimal

cerita ahmad main mahjong ways saat malam dan dapat hasil maksimal

malam hujan johan coba mahjong ways 2 dan freespin muncul tak terduga

kejutan malam untuk randy saat main mahjong ways tanpa pola

rio dapat momen tak terduga dari pecahan x10 di mahjong ways

momen spesial dengan x10 di mahjong ways bawa hasil luar biasa

cerita farhan main mahjong ways 2 dan spin kelima dapat freespin

cerita rizki dapat kemenangan besar di mahjong ways

freespin ke tujuh ilham bawa kejutan manis 5 juta

modal 50 ribu member baru raih kemenangan di mahjong ways

rahasia kemenangan anton di mahjong ways modal 40 ribu

spin turbo santai di kamar bawa kejutan untuk deni di mahjong ways 2

cerita farhan main mahjong ways 2 dan spin kelima dapat freespin

tono dapat kemenangan besar dari freespin di mahjong malam itu

antara kebetulan atau keberuntungan rifki kena freespin mahjong ways 2

andre berhasil raih kemenangan besar dengan freespin x10 mahjong ways

freespin ubah mood ridwan seharian di mahjong ways

kemenangan tak terduga fahri di tengah malam mahjong ways 2

cerita menarik scatter merah dan kemenangan besar mahjong ways 2

cerita leo dan keberuntungan dari mahjong ways beli iphone 16

waktu luang anton berujung kemenangan modal 25 ribu bawa pulang 3 juta

suara freespin pagi hari bikin tomi melek mahjong ways berikan kejutan

cerita unik fahri saat freespin datang tanpa di duga di mahjong ways 2

main mahjong ways 2 pecah tanpa drama

strategi mahjong ways modal receh dengan hasil maksimal

mahjong ways penuh kejutan dan jackpot hari ini

cerita kemenangan berkesan di mahjong ways dari pemain pemula

modal 20 ribu di mahjong ways 2 bawa kemenangan besar

simbol scatter mahjong ways bawa peluang jackpot besar

mahjong ways server thailand gampang dapat simbol scatter

main mahjong ways disini peluang wd terus dengan modal tipis

peluang besar untuk member baru wede di mahjong ways

rahasia bermain mahjong ways 2 strategi yang bisa dipakai rutin

awalnya ikut teman kantor akhirnya jackpot di mahjong ways

cerita fandi tunggu kereta ketemu hoki di mahjong ways 2

saldo naik drastis saat dion dapat freespin mahjong ways 2

cerita lucu rizal panik lihat layar meledak freespin mahjong ways

scatter muncul satu per satu di mahjong pertanda keberuntungan

awal main mahjong ways langsung buka freespin dari 3 scatter

baru 4 spin mahjong wins 3 hadirkan deretan wild di tengah reels

pertengahan game mahjong ways 2 tiba tiba munculkan bonus mini

main 7 spin di mahjong langsung picu double scatter dan freespin

awal spin mahjong wins 3 sudah aktifkan megawild beruntun

baru 6 spin mahjong ways mendadak borong wild dan scatter

di spin ke 9 mahjong ways 2 aktifkan bonus freespin besar

main sebentar di mahjong langsung buka 3 wild berjejer

awal main mahjong ways 2 tak disangka picu double scatter

baru buka mahjong wins 3 sudah hadirkan wild di dua reels

toto togel

toto slot

https://journals.essrak.org/

https://testss.hait.od.ua/

slot thailand

toto slot

toto slot

slot gacor hari ini

toto togel

mahjong ways

miya4d

toto togel

toto slot

situs toto

arista88

slot toto

situs slot gacor

mahjong

magnum188

Dewaslot88

laetoto

spaceman

agen toto play

slot

slot777

bonus new member 100

mahjong slot

Manjur55

spaceman

mdg188

pstoto99

visi4d

slot gacor

slot777

DPRBET

dollar4d

dewaslot88.eu.com

roda4d

mcmbola

hoki99

situs slot

roda4d

toto slot

situs slot gacor

dewahoki

tiga37

PSTOTO99

levis4d

batmantoto

erek erek

slot gacor

qqpulsa

mastogel

batmantoto

Situs Toto

slot gacor

slot88

https://nanostix.co.id/sp2/

lagi4d

https://malcolmhurst.com/

https://xinuosco.com/

https://reportertatu.com/

situs toto

kosmik 4d

bandar togel

situs togel

DUNIATOTO

indo911

situs toto

dewagaruda

coktogel

coktogel

miya4d

Toto Togel

erek erek

levis4d

javtogel

slot

https://micromaterialsresearch.com/

https://tvwesal.com/

toto slot

AMARTOTO

slot

paitogel

ceri123

slot

spaceman slot

Slot777

Situs Slot Gacor

miya4d

slot longhoki

MOM4D

omtogel

toto slot

paitogel

  

International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education

Print ISSN: 2597-7792
Online ISSN: 2549-8525
Website: https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/ijpte/index
Email: ijpte@mail.uns.ac.id
Published by: Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret
Ir. Sutami Street, No. 36A, Surakarta, Jawa Tengah Indonesia

toto togel

slot gacor

titan777

988slot

988bet

slot88

rokokbet

slot gacor

rokokbet

situs gacor

rokokbet

slot777

rokokbet

slot gacor maxwin

https://sandiegohills.org/

https://journal.iainkudus.id/

Situs Toto

Situs Toto

Dana4d

Ppatk

Situs Toto

Toto 4d

Pan4D

Slot88

Toto 4d

https://for4d.mystrikingly.com/

https://ai-photonics.com/

https://isma.edu.pk/

https://tibafs.com/

https://biosuss.com/

https://persydiamondstore.com/contact-us/

Nana4D

slot gacor

https://cogentworkshop.coconutcommunity.org/

SLOT GACOR

IDCOIN188