Karakterisasi, Aplikasi, dan Bioaktivitas Edible Film Kitosan dengan Bahan Aktif Minyak Atsiri

Sabella Vegasty, Triana Kusumaningsih, Maulidan Firdaus, Annisa Istiqomah

Abstract

Penelitian terkait edible film kitosan telah banyak dikembangkan selama beberapa tahun terakhir. Edible film kitosan merupakan alternatif kemasan pangan yang ramah lingkungan. Kitosan dapat membentuk ikatan intermolekul dengan pati, yang membantu memperbaiki struktur dan sifat fisik film, meningkatkan kilap, transparansi, aktivitas antibakteri, dan mengurangi tingkat kebasahan campuran pelapis. Kombinasi biofilm kitosan-pati singkong merupakan kandidat kuat untuk pelapis dan pengemasan pangan. Campuran keduanya masih bersifat hidrofilik sehingga stabilitas mekanis, ketahanan air, dan perlindungan kelembaban masih jauh dari standar ideal. Penambahan minyak atsiri dapat meningkatkan kekuatan tarik, perpanjangan, dan memperkuat matriks polimer antara kitosan-pati juga berpotensi meningkatkan bioaktivitas dalam edible film. Kajian ini difokuskan pada (1) Pengaruh kombinasi minyak atsiri terhadap karakteristik fisik, kimia, termal, dan mekanik edible film kitosan/pati dan (2) Pembahasan bioaktivitas edible film kitosan/pati/minyak atsiri terhadap berbagai mikroorganisme dalam pangan (3) Aplikasi edible film kitosan/pati/minyak atsiri pada produk pangan.

Characterization, Application, and Bioactivity of Edible Chitosan/Starch Film with Essential Oil Active Ingredients. Research related to chitosan edible film has been widely developed over the past few years. Chitosan edible film is an environmentally friendly alternative to food packaging. Chitosan can form intermolecular bonds with starch, which helps improve the structure and physical properties of the film, increases gloss, transparency, antibacterial activity, and reduces the wetness of the coating mixture. The combination of chitosan-cassava starch biofilm is a strong candidate for food coating and packaging. The mix of both is still hydrophilic, so the mechanical stability, water resistance, and moisture protection are still far from ideal standards. The addition of essential oils can increase tensile strength, elongation and strengthen the polymer matrix between chitosan-starch, which also has the potential to increase bioactivity in edible films. This review focuses on (1) The effect of essential oil combination on the physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of chitosan/starch edible films and (2) Discussion of the bioactivity of chitosan/starch/essential oil edible films on various microorganisms in food (3) Application of edible chitosan/starch/essential oil films on food products.

Keywords

edible film; gelatine; carboxymethyl cellulose; starch

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abd-Alhadi, R., Abou-Ghorrah, S., and Al Oklah, B., 2023. Physical Properties, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Edible Films Containing Essential Oils. Journal of Nutrition and Food Security, 8, 212–220. https://doi.org/10.18502/jnfs.v8i2.12595.

Abera, B., Duraisamy, R., and Birhanu, T., 2024. Study on the Preparation and Use of Edible Coating of Fish Scale Chitosan and Glycerol Blended Banana Pseudostem Starch for the Preservation of Apples, Mangoes, and Strawberries. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 15, 100916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100916.

Afifah, N., Sholichah, E., Indrianti, N.A.D., and Darmajana, 2018. The Effect of Plasticizer Combination on Characteristics of Edible Film from Carrageenan and Beeswax. Biopropal Industri, 9, 49–60.

Ayyubi, S.N., Purbasari, A., and Kusmiyati, 2022. The Effect of Composition on Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Plastic Based on Chitosan/Cassava Starch/PVA/Crude Glycerol: Optimization of the Composition Using Box Behnken Design. Materials Today: Proceedings, 63, S78–S83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.01.294.

Bilal, M., Zhao, Y., and Iqbal, H.M.N., 2020. Development and Characterization of Essential Oils Incorporated Chitosan-Based Cues with Antibacterial and Antifungal Potentialities. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 13, 174–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/16878507.2020.1719336.

Chawla, R., Sivakumar, S., and Kaur, H., 2021. Antimicrobial Edible Films in Food Packaging: Current Scenario and Recent Nanotechnological Advancements- a Review. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 2, 100024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2020.100024.

Choo, K.W., Lin, M., and Mustapha, A., 2021. Chitosan/Acetylated Starch Composite Films Incorporated with Essential Oils: Physiochemical and Antimicrobial Properties. Food Bioscience, 43, 101287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101287.

Díaz-Montes, E., and Castro-Muñoz, R., 2021. Edible Films and Coatings as Food-Quality Preservers: An Overview. Foods, 10, 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020249.

do Nascimento, A., Toneto, L.C., Lepaus, B.M., Valiati, B.S., Faria-Silva, L., and de São José, J.F.B., 2023. Effect of Edible Coatings of Cassava Starch Incorporated with Clove and Cinnamon Essential Oils on the Shelf Life of Papaya. Membranes, 13, 772. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13090772.

Elsabee, M.Z., and Abdou, E.S., 2013. Chitosan Based Edible Films and Coatings: A Review. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 33, 1819–1841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.01.010.

Elshamy, S., Khadizatul, K., Uemura, K., Nakajima, M., and Neves, M.A., 2021. Chitosan-Based Film Incorporated with Essential Oil Nanoemulsion Foreseeing Enhanced Antimicrobial Effect. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 58, 3314–3327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04888-3.

Evcil, M., 2024. Production of a Novel Biodegradable Film Made from Chitosan and Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Seed Essential Oil. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 8, 261–272. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2024.2.3.

Fitriyanti, F., Rochima, E., Rostini, I., and Pratama, R.I., 2023. Physical Characteristics of Biocomposite Edible Films Based on Fish Gelatin and Nanochitosan with the Addition of Beeswax: A Review. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 21, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajfar/2023/v21i5549.

Fu, H., Wang, L., Gu, J., Peng, X., and Zhao, J., 2024. Effects of Litsea Cubeba Essential Oil–Chitosan/Corn Starch Composite Films on the Quality and Shelf-Life of Strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa). Foods, 13, 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13040599.

Galus, S., Arik Kibar, E.A., Gniewosz, M., and Kraśniewska, K., 2020. Novel Materials in the Preparation of Edible Films and Coatings—A Review. Coatings, 10, 674. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070674.

Gasti, T., Dixit, S., Hiremani, V.D., Chougale, R.B., Masti, S.P., Vootla, S.K., and Mudigoudra, B.S., 2022. Chitosan/Pullulan Based Films Incorporated with Clove Essential Oil Loaded Chitosan-ZnO Hybrid Nanoparticles for Active Food Packaging. Carbohydrate Polymers, 277, 118866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118866.

Gomes de Menezes, F.L., de Lima Leite, R.H., Gomes dos Santos, F.K., Aria, A.I., and Aroucha, E.M.M., 2021. TiO2-Enhanced Chitosan/Cassava Starch Biofilms for Sustainable Food Packaging. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 630, 127661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127661.

Hernández, M.S., Ludueña, L.N., and Flores, S.K., 2024. Combined Effect of Oregano Essential Oil and Glycerol on Physicochemical Properties of Antimicrobial Films Based on Chitosan and Acetylated Cassava Starch. Food Hydrocolloids, 156, 110259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2024.110259.

Hernández, M.S., Ludueña, L.N., and Flores, S.K., 2023. Citric Acid, Chitosan and Oregano Essential Oil Impact on Physical and Antimicrobial Properties of Cassava Starch Films. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 5, 100307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100307.

Hua, L., Deng, J., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Chen, B., Ma, Y., Li, X., and Xu, B., 2021. Improving the Functionality of Chitosan-Based Packaging Films by Crosslinking with Nanoencapsulated Clove Essential Oil. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 192, 627–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.197.

Imran, M., khan, A.S., khan, M.A., Saeed, M.U., Noor, N., Warsi, M.H., and Qadir, Dr.A., 2021. Antimicrobial Activity of Different Plants Extracts against Staphylococcus Aureus and Escherichia Coli. Polymers in Medicine, 51, 69–75. https://doi.org/10.17219/pim/143424.

Istiqomah, A., Prasetyo, W.E., Firdaus, M., and Kusumaningsih, T., 2022. Valorization of Lemongrass Essential Oils onto Chitosan-Starch Film for Sustainable Active Packaging: Greatly Enhanced Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 210, 669–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.223.

Ju, J., Xie, Y., Guo, Y., Cheng, Y., Qian, H., and Yao, W., 2019. Application of Edible Coating with Essential Oil in Food Preservation. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59, 2467–2480. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1456402.

Kaushani, K.G., Katuwavila, N.P., Jayasinghe, R.A., Nilmini, A.H.I.R., and Priyadarshana, G., 2023. Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Effect of Chitosan-Based Edible, Biodegradable Films Containing Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Essential Oil from Food Packaging, in: The 14th International Conference on Sustainable Built Environment. ICSBE, 15–17 December 2023, Kandy, Sri Lanka, pp. 770–779.

Khruengsai, S., Phoopanasaeng, P., Sripahco, T., Soykeabkaew, N., and Pripdeevech, P., 2024. Application of Chitosan Films Incorporated with Zanthoxylum limonella Essential Oil for Extending Shelf Life of Pork. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 262, 129703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129703.

Kusumaningsih, T., Istiqomah, A., Firdaus, M., and Suryanti, V., 2023. A Green Metrics Approach toward Antibacterial Chitosan Starch‐Based Films Reinforced with Garlic Oil for Extending the Shelf‐Life of Capsicum Annum. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 58, 5311–5318. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.16638.

Lestari, E.N.E., Nisa, K., Suryani, A.E., and Kusumaningsih, T., 2024. Encapsulation of Peperomia Pellucida (L.) Kunth Leaf Extract for Postharvest Preservation of Malang Apple (Malus sylvestris) at Ambient Storage. Food Bioscience, 61, 104808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2024.104808.

Liu, X., Zhang, C., Liu, S., Gao, J., Cui, S.W., and Xia, W., 2020. Coating White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) with Edible Fully Deacetylated Chitosan Incorporated with Clove Essential Oil and Kojic Acid Improves Preservation during Cold Storage. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 162, 1276–1282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.248.

Mashuni, M., Natsir, M., Lestari, W.M., Hamid, F.H., and Jahiding, M., 2021. Pemanfaatan Kitosan dari Cangkang Kepiting Bakau (Scylla serrata) dengan Metode Microwave Sebagai Bahan Dasar Kapsul Obat. ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia, 17, 74–82. https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.17.1.42038.74-82.

Mohamed, S.A.A., El-Sakhawy, M., and El-Sakhawy, M.A.-M., 2020. Polysaccharides, Protein and Lipid-Based Natural Edible Films in Food Packaging: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers, 238, 116178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116178.

Mostafavi, F.S., and Zaeim, D., 2020. Agar-Based Edible Films for Food Packaging Applications - A Review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 159, 1165–1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.123.

Mouhoub, A., Guendouz, A., Belkamel, A., El Alaoui Talibi, Z., Ibnsouda Koraichi, S., El Modafar, C., and Delattre, C., 2022. Assessment of the Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Essential Oils for Potential Application of Active Chitosan Films in Food Preservation. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 38, 179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03363-9.

Muñoz-Tebar, N., Pérez-Álvarez, J.A., Fernández-López, J., and Viuda-Martos, M., 2023. Chitosan Edible Films and Coatings with Added Bioactive Compounds: Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties and Their Application to Food Products: A Review. Polymers, 15, 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020396.

Nahar, S., Ha, A.J., Byun, K.-H., Hossain, Md.I., Mizan, Md.F.R., and Ha, S.-D., 2021. Efficacy of Flavourzyme against Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia Coli, and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilms on Food-Contact Surfaces. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 336, 108897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108897.

Noori, S.M.A., and Hossaeini Marashi, S.M., 2023. Chitosan-Based Coatings and Films Incorporated with Essential Oils: Applications in Food Models. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 17, 4060–4072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-023-01931-7.

Perdana, M.I., Ruamcharoen, J., Panphon, S., and Leelakriangsak, M., 2021. Antimicrobial Activity and Physical Properties of Starch/Chitosan Film Incorporated with Lemongrass Essential Oil and Its Application. LWT, 141, 110934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.110934.

Saadat, S., Rawtani, D., and Rao, P.K., 2022. Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan Film Containing Syzygium Aromaticum (Clove) Oil Encapsulated Halloysite Nanotubes against Foodborne Pathogenic Bacterial Strains. Materials Today Communications, 32, 104132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104132.

Sariningsih, N., Handayani, D.S., and Kusumaningsih, T., 2019. Development and Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of Edible Film from Ginger Starch, Chitosan with Glycerin as Plasticizer to Food Packaging. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 600, 012011. doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/600/1/012011.

Sartika, M., Rambe, F.R., Parinduri, S.Z.D.M., Harahap, H., Nasution, H., Lubis, M., Taslim, and Manurung, R., 2022. Tensile Properties of Edible Films from Various Types of Starch with the Addition of Glycerol as Plasticizer: A Review. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1115, 012075. doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1115/1/012075.

Sateriale, D., Forgione, G., De Cristofaro, G.A., Facchiano, S., Boscaino, F., Pagliuca, C., Colicchio, R., Salvatore, P., Paolucci, M., and Pagliarulo, C., 2022. Towards Green Strategies of Food Security: Antibacterial Synergy of Essential Oils from Thymus Vulgaris and Syzygium Aromaticum to Inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenic Food Isolates. Microorganisms, 10, 2446. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122446.

Susilowati, E., and Lestari, A.E., 2019. Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Avocado Seed Starch (KIT-PBA) Edible Film. JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia), 4, 197–204. https://doi.org/10.20961/jkpk.v4i3.29846.

Tügen, A., Ocak, B., and Özdestan-Ocak, Ö., 2020. Development of Gelatin/Chitosan Film Incorporated with Lemon Essential Oil with Antioxidant Properties. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 14, 3010–3019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-020-00547-5.

Utama, G.L., Dinika, I., Nurmilah, S., Masruchin, N., Nurhadi, B., and Balia, R.L., 2022. Characterization of Antimicrobial Composite Edible Film Formulated from Fermented Cheese Whey and Cassava Peel Starch. Membranes, 12, 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes12060636.

Valizadeh, S., Naseri, M., Babaei, S., Hosseini, S.M.H., and Imani, A., 2019. Development of Bioactive Composite Films from Chitosan and Carboxymethyl Cellulose Using Glutaraldehyde, Cinnamon Essential Oil and Oleic Acid. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 134, 604–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.071.

Venkatachalam, K., and Lekjing, S., 2020. A Chitosan-Based Edible Film with Clove Essential Oil and Nisin for Improving the Quality and Shelf Life of Pork Patties in Cold Storage. RSC Advances, 10, 17777–17786. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA02986F.

Wang, H., Ding, F., Ma, L., and Zhang, Y., 2021. Edible Films from Chitosan-Gelatin: Physical Properties and Food Packaging Application. Food Bioscience, 40, 100871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100871.

Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Yang, Z., and He, Q., 2021. Effects of Incorporation with Clove (Eugenia Caryophyllata) Essential Oil (CEO) on Overall Performance of Chitosan as Active Coating. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 166, 578–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.215.

Wibowo, A.H., Fehragucci, H., and Purnawan, C., 2023. Effect of Plasticizer Addition on The Characteristics of Chitosan-Alginate Edible Film. ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia, 19, 123–129. https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.19.2.71348.123-129.

Xu, Y., Chu, Y., Feng, X., Gao, C., Wu, D., Cheng, W., Meng, L., Zhang, Y., and Tang, X., 2020. Effects of Zein Stabilized Clove Essential Oil Pickering Emulsion on the Structure and Properties of Chitosan-Based Edible Films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 156, 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.027.

Yuan, G., Chen, X., and Li, D., 2016. Chitosan Films and Coatings Containing Essential Oils: The Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity, and Application in Food Systems. Food Research International, 89, 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2016.10.004.

Zhang, X., Ismail, B.B., Cheng, H., Jin, T.Z., Qian, M., Arabi, S.A., Liu, D., and Guo, M., 2021. Emerging Chitosan-Essential Oil Films and Coatings for Food Preservation - A Review of Advances and Applications. Carbohydrate Polymers, 273, 118616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118616.

Zhao, R., Guo, H., Yan, T., Li, J., Xu, W., Deng, Y., Zhou, J., Ye, X., Liu, D., and Wang, W., 2022. Fabrication of Multifunctional Materials Based on Chitosan/Gelatin Incorporating Curcumin-Clove Oil Emulsion for Meat Freshness Monitoring and Shelf-Life Extension. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 223, 837–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.271.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.21.1.86140.1-16

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.