The Influence of Solvent and Heating Time Toward the Percent Yield of Sumbermanjing Pyrophyllite-Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000 Composites

Siti Mutrofin, Ekantoro Ekantoro, Rurini Retnowati, Hanisah Kamilah

Abstract

The synthesis of clay-polymer composites has attracted considerable interest due to their promising potential properties. The composites were prepared from Sumbermanjing pyrophyllite and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. This research aims to evaluate the influence of solvent and heating time on the percent yield of the composites. Pyrophyllite-PEG composites were synthesized via the casting and sol-gel methods with variations in solvent (demineralized water, methanol, acetone) and heating time (1, 1.5, and 2 hours). The highest yield (37.7239%) was achieved by a composite synthesized with acetone and a 2-hour heating treatment. The composite prepared with demineralized water showed poorer PEG diffusion into the pyrophyllite structure than did those prepared with methanol or acetone. A 2-hour treatment produced a more uniform, relatively smaller porous structure, despite subtle differences across various heating conditions. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference among solvent treatments, but no significant difference among heating times. The melting points of the 1-hour and 2-hour composites were 120.7667 °C and 116.0333 °C, respectively, suggesting a successful composite synthesis. The successful composite synthesis was further confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra, which showed characteristic functional groups (O–H stretching, 3673.92 cm-1; C–H stretching, 2882.37 cm-1; Al–OH stretching, 1146.67 cm-1).

Keywords

composite; polyethylene glycol; pyrophyllite.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Ali, M.A., Ahmed, H.A.M., Ahmed, H.M., and Hefni, M., 2021. Pyrophyllite: An Economic Mineral for Different Industrial Applications. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311357.

Altamimi, M.A., and Neau, S.H., 2017. Investigation of the In Vitro Performance Difference of Drug-Soluplus® and Drug-PEG 6000 Dispersions When Prepared Using Spray Drying or Lyophilization. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 25, 419–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2016.09.013.

Amari, A., Mohammed Alzahrani, F., Mohammedsaleh Katubi, K., Salem Alsaiari, N., Tahoon, M.A., and Ben Rebah, F., 2021. Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites: Preparations and Utilization for Pollutants Removal. Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14061365.

Ascencio-Medina, E., He, S., Daghighi, A., Iduoku, K., Casanola-Martin, G.M., Arrasate, S., González-Díaz, H., and Rasulev, B., 2024. Prediction of Dielectric Constant in Series of Polymers by Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR). Polymers,. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192731.

Bîrcă, A., Gherasim, O., Grumezescu, V., and Grumezescu, A.M., 2019. Chapter 1 - Introduction in Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers, in: Grumezescu, V., Grumezescu, A.M. (Eds.), Materials for Biomedical Engineering. Elsevier, pp. 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816874-5.00001-3.

Brini, E., Fennell, C.J., Fernandez-Serra, M., Hribar-Lee, B., Lukšič, M., and Dill, K.A., 2017. How Water's Properties Are Encoded in Its Molecular Structure and Energies. Chemical Reviews, 117, 12385–12414. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00259.

Buruga, K., Song, H., Shang, J., Bolan, N., Jagannathan, T.K., and Kim, K.-H.H., 2019. A Review on Functional Polymer-Clay Based Nanocomposite Membranes for Treatment of Water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 379, 120584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.067.

Callister, W.D., and Rethwisch, D.G., 2020. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach, Fifth ed. Wiley.

Chen, R.S., Ahmad, S., and Gan, S., 2017. Characterization of Recycled Thermoplastics-Based Nanocomposites: Polymer-Clay Compatibility, Blending Procedure, Processing Condition, and Clay Content Effects. Composites Part B: Engineering, 131, 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.07.057.

Choudhury, S., 2024. A Review of The Sol-Gel Process and Its Application. International Education and Research Journal, 122–125. https://doi.org/10.21276/ierj24449856325648.

Egbo, M.K., 2021. A Fundamental Review on Composite Materials and Some of Their Applications in Biomedical Engineering. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 33, 557–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2020.07.007.

Elfasakhany, A., 2016. Performance and Emissions Analysis on Using Acetone–Gasoline Fuel Blends in Spark-Ignition Engine. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 19, 1224–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2016.02.002.

Essalhi, A., Essalhi, M., Toummite, A., Mostadi, A., Raddi, Y., El Mostadi, A., and Raddi, Y., 2017. Mineralogical and Textural Arguments for a Metasomatic Origin of the Ougnat Pyrophyllite, Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 8, 22–32.

Et-tanteny, R., El Amrani, B., Manssouri, I., and Limami, H., 2024. Physicochemical, Mechanical and Thermal Analysis of Unfired Clay Bricks: Kaolinite-PEG 6000 Composite. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 22, 100793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2024.100793.

Fan, X., Su, Y., Zhao, X., Li, Y., Zhang, R., Ma, T., Liu, Y., and Jiang, Z., 2016. Manipulating the Segregation Behavior of Polyethylene Glycol by Hydrogen Bonding Interaction to Endow Ultrafiltration Membranes with Enhanced Antifouling Performance. Journal of Membrane Science, 499, 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.10.026.

Gaballa, sherif A., Naguib, Y., Mady, F.M., Khaled, K.A., Armia, S., Naguib, Y., Mady, F.M., Khaled, K.A., Gaballa, sherif A., Naguib, Y., Mady, F.M., and Khaled, K.A., 2024. Polyethylene Glycol: Properties, Applications, and Challenges. Journal of advanced Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7, 26–36. https://doi.org/10.21608/jabps.2023.241685.1205.

Helsinta, N., Halim, A., Octavia, M.D., and Rivai, H., 2021. Review: Solid Dispersion of Fenofibrate Using Poly Ethylene Glycol 6000. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine,. https://doi.org/10.47760/ijpsm.2021.v06i06.005.

John, A.O., 2019. The Role of Solvents' Dielectric Constants in the Delicate Interplay between Microstructure and Optical Properties of Poly (3-Hexylthiophene) Thin Films. American Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research, 7, 1–13.

Karbhari, V.M., Xian, G., and Hong, S., 2021. Effect of Thermal Exposure on Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites Used in Civil Infrastructure Rehabilitation. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 149, 106570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106570.

Kridli, G.T., Friedman, P.A., and Boileau, J.M., 2021. Chapter 7 - Manufacturing Processes for Light Alloys. Updated by J.M. Boileau and P.K. Mallick., in: Mallick, P.K. (Ed.), Materials, Design and Manufacturing for Lightweight Vehicles (Second Edition), Woodhead Publishing in Materials. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 267–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818712-8.00007-0.

Li, T., Wu, J.J., Wang, X.G., and Huang, H., 2021. Particle Size Effect and Temperature Effect on the Pore Structure of Low-Rank Coal. ACS Omega, 6, 5865–5877. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c06280.

Liu, Z., Yin, Z., Cox, C., Bosman, M., Qian, X., Li, N., Zhao, H., Du, Y., Li, J., and Nocera, D.G., 2025. Room Temperature Stable COx-Free H2 Production from Methanol with Magnesium Oxide Nanophotocatalysts. Science Advances, 2, e1501425. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501425.

Martadiastuti, V., Winarno, T., Ali, R.K., and Purba, E.C., 2024. Characteristics of Pyrophyllite and Hydrothermal Alteration at Argotirto Area, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1378, 12027. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1378/1/012027.

Mutrofin, S., Setyaningsih, T., Wati, F., and Purwonugroho, D., 2018. Physical-Chemistry of Nawangan's Phyropyllite and Its Prospective as Environmental Friendly Geopolymer Materials. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 285, 12026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/285/1/012026.

Ogabi, R., Manescau, B., Chetehouna, K., and Gascoin, N., 2021. A Study of Thermal Degradation and Fire Behaviour of Polymer Composites and Their Gaseous Emission Assessment. Energies,. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217070.

Shah, N., Shah, M., Khan, F., Rehan, T., Shams, S., Khitab, F., Khan, A., Ullah, M.W., Yousaf, J., Awwad, F.A., and Ismail, E.A.A., 2024. Fabrication and Characterization of Montmorillonite Clay/Agar-Based Magnetic Composite and Its Biological and Electrical Conductivity Evaluation. ACS Omega, 9, 15904–15914. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c08708.

Tsai, T.-H.H., and Chang, P.-P.P., 2024. A Study on the Conductivity and Infrared Spectroscopy of Elastic Polymer Composite Materials. Applied Sciences, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177899.

Wang, S., Gainey, L., Mackinnon, I.D.R., Allen, C., Gu, Y., and Xi, Y., 2023. Thermal Behaviors of Clay Minerals as Key Components and Additives for Fired Brick Properties: A Review. Journal of Building Engineering, 66, 105802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105802.

Xochicale-Santana, L., Vidyasagar, C.C., Muñoz-Flores, B.M., and Pérez, V.M.J.J., 2021. Chapter 15 - Microwave Assisted Organic Syntheses (MAOS): The Green Synthetic Method, in: Kharisov, B., Kharissova, O. (Eds.), Handbook of Greener Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Compounds. Elsevier, pp. 491–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821938-6.00015-3.

Yang, H., and Ye, F., 2022. Microtexture, Microstructure Evolution, and Thermal Insulation Properties of Si3N4/Silica Aerogel Composites at High Temperatures. RSC Advances, 12, 12226–12234. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ra01336c.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.22.1.104024.228-240

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.