Optimization of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaf Extract Emulgel Formulation using Simplex Lattice Design for Topical Application

Nurfiana Rachmawati, Siti Aisyah, Mega Novita, Dian Marlina

Abstract

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaf extract is rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing effects, making it a promising candidate for topical applications. However, there are challenges in formulating an effective and stable system. This study aimed to optimize the formulation of Papaya leaf extract emulgel using the simolex lattice design (SLD) method with various concentrations of Carbopol 940, Olive oil, and Tween 80. Eight formulations were evaluated for pH, viscosity, spreadability, and physical stability. This study showed that the optimal formulation of 1.0% Carbopol 940, 15% olive oil, and 10% Tween 80, which produced an emulgel with pH 6.1, viscosity of 4.580 cP, and spreadability of 6.8 cm, which are acceptable according to pharmaceutical standards. The above formulation showed good physical stability over 28 days of storage. In conclusion, the SLD method can be applied to developing typical herbal-based products and standardized for better effectiveness and stability.

Keywords

emulgel; optimization; Papaya leaf extract; simplex lattice design; topical formulation

Full Text:

PDF

References

Alburyhi, M.M., Noman, M., Saif, A.A., and Noman, A., 2025. Formulation and Evaluation of Meloxicam Emulgel Delivery System for Topical Applications. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 14, 1324–1337. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr20254-35702.

Alfaridz, F., and Amalia, R., 2016. Review Jurnal: Klasifikasi dan Aktivitas Farmakologi dari Senyawa Aktif Flavonoid. Farmaka Suplemen, 16.

Apriani, E.F., Shiyan, S., Hardestyariki, D., Starlista, V., and Sari, A.L., 2024. Optimization of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) and Carbopol 940 in Clindamycin HCl Ethosomal Gel as Anti-Acne. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 17, 603–611. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2024.00094.

Artanti, A.N., Prihapsara, F., Mas’ud, N., and Ermawati, D.E., 2021. Optimization of the Proportion of Surfactant, Co-Surfactant, and Candlenut Oil for Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of Secang Heartwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Methanolic Extract. ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia, 17, 124–131. https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.17.1.39054.124-131.

Charyulu, N.R., Joshi, P., Dubey, A., and Shetty, A., 2021. Emulgel: A Boon for Enhanced Topical Drug Delivery. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 13. https://doi.org/10.5530/jyp.2021.13.17.

Dagne, E., Dobo, B., and Bedewi, Z., 2021. Antibacterial Activity of Papaya (Carica papaya) Leaf and Seed Extracts Against Some Selected Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria. Pharmacognosy Journal, 13. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2021.13.223.

Dhal, S., Pal, A., Gramza-Michalowska, A., Kim, D., Mohanty, B., Sagiri, S.S., and Pal, K., 2023. Formulation and Characterization of Emulgel-Based Jelly Candy: A Preliminary Study on Nutraceutical Delivery. Gels, 9, 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9060466.

Donthi, M.R., Munnangi, S.R., Krishna, K.V., Saha, R.N., Singhvi, G., and Dubey, S.K., 2023. Nanoemulgel: A Novel Nano Carrier as a Tool for Topical Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 15, 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15010164.

Dwivedi, M.K., Sonter, S., Mishra, S., Patel, D.K., and Singh, P.K., 2020. Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activity, and Phytochemical Characterization of Carica papaya Flowers. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-020-00048-w.

Elsewedy, H.S., Younis, N.S., Shehata, T.M., Mohamed, M.E., and Soliman, W.E., 2022. Enhancement of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Optimized Niosomal Colchicine Loaded into Jojoba Oil-Based Emulgel Using Response Surface Methodology. Gels, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8010016.

Farmakope Herbal Indonesia, 2017. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta.

Hashemi-Afzal, F., Ganji, F., and Vasheghani-Farahani, E., 2025. Orally Disintegrating Films Based on Pullulan and HPMC with Carbopol-Coated Mucoadhesive Nanoparticles for Dual-Pattern Drug Release. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 306, 141568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141568.

Kamilla, L., Tumpuk, S., and Salim, M., 2021. Anti-Inflammatory of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya L) Towards Membrane Stabilization of Red Blood Cells. Jurnal Kesehatan Prima, 15. https://doi.org/10.32807/jkp.v15i1.399.

Khairunnisa, A., Amelia, A.R., and Fikriyan, F., 2023. Karakterisasi dan Skrining Fitokimia Simplisia Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.). PharmaCine: Journal of Pharmacy, Medical and Health Science, 4. https://doi.org/10.35706/pc.v4i1.8302.

Khor, B.K.K., Chear, N.J.Y., Azizi, J., and Khaw, K.Y., 2021. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Potentials of Carica papaya Leaf Extracts: A Comparison of Supercritical Fluid and Conventional Extraction Methods. Molecules, 26, 1489. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051489.

Lakshmi, S.S., Divya, R., Rao, S.Y., Kumari, K.P. V., and Deepthi, K., 2021. Emulgel-Novel Trend in Topical Drug Delivery System-Review Article. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 14, 2903–2906. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00509.

Mahfuz, F., Noval, N., and Hakim, A.R., 2023. Optimization of Mucoadhesive Tablet Formulations of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya L.) Using A Combination of Carbopol and Na. Cmc with Simplex Lattice Design Method, International Student Conference of Global Multidisciplinary Collaboration. INTEGRATION, LPPM Universitas Sari Mulia, Banjarmasin, Kalimantaan Selatan, pp. 67–72.

Nurdin, N., Syahril Samsi, A., and Mursyid, M., 2024. Formulation and Antioxidant Test of Body Lotion Etanol Extract of Young Papaya Fruit (Carica papaya L) by DPPH Methods, Proceedings Series on Proceedings of Multidisciplinary Sciences. The 1st International Conference of Business, Education, Health, and Scien-Tech (ICBENS), Universitas Muhammadiyah Palopo, Sulawesi Selatan, pp. 1783–1788.

Olayemi, O.J., and David, C., 2023. Emulgel: A Promising Technology for Topical Delivery of Herbal Extracts. British Journal of Pharmacy, 8. https://doi.org/10.5920/bjpharm.1046.

Pérez-González, N., Espinoza, L.C., Rincón, M., Sosa, L., Mallandrich, M., Suñer-Carbó, J., Bozal-de Febrer, N., Calpena, A.C., and Clares-Naveros, B., 2023. Gel Formulations with an Echinocandin for Cutaneous Candidiasis: The Influence of Azone and Transcutol on Biopharmaceutical Features. Gels, 9, 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9040308.

Pratiwi, P.D., Gusti, D.R., and Angraini, R.I., 2023. The Optimization of Gelling Agent and Humectant in Antioxidant Gel Formula with Carica Papaya Linn. Leaf Extract Based on Simplex Lattice Design Method. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences, 283–291. https://doi.org/10.36490/journal-jps.com.v6i5-si.430.

Samodra, G., Kusuma, I.Y., and Melani, R., 2023. Effectiveness of Cream Preparations Combination of Bay Leaf Extract (Syzygium polyanthum Wight) and Papaya Leaf (Carica papaya L) as Anti-Inflammation. Journal of Advanced Health Informatics Research, 1, 75–82. https://doi.org/10.59247/jahir.v1i2.37.

Shah, R.S., 2021. Formulation and Evaluation of Turmeric Emulgel. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 11, 213–219. https://doi.org/10.52711/2231-5713.2021.00035.

Talat, M., Zaman, M., Khan, R., Jamshaid, M., Akhtar, M., and Mirza, A.Z., 2021. Emulgel: An Effective Drug Delivery System. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 47, 1193–1199. https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2021.1993889.

Wibowo, A.H., Fehragucci, H., and Purnawan, C., 2023. Effect of Plasticizer Addition on The Characteristics of Chitosan-Alginate Edible Film. ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia, 19, 123–129. https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.19.2.71348.123-129.

Yap, J.Y., Hii, C.L., Ong, S.P., Lim, K.H., Abas, F., and Pin, K.Y., 2022. Degradation Kinetics of Carpaine and Antioxidant Properties of Dried Carica Papaya Leaves as Affected by Drying Methods. International Journal of Food Engineering, 18, 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2021-0369.

Yilmaz, P., Demirhan, E., and Özbek, B., 2021. Microwave Drying Effect on Drying Characteristic and Energy Consumption of Ficus carica Linn Leaves. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.13831.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.21.2.101792.432-441

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.