This study explores the influence of diverse learning environments on the entrepreneurial intentions of undergraduate students in Tangerang, Indonesia—a region where entrepreneurial activity among students remains below national expectations. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), we examine how personal attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control mediate this relationship. A total of 312 students from six universities were surveyed using a purposive sampling method. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that while diverse learning environments significantly enhance students’ attitudes (β=0.862, p<0.001) and perceived behavioral control (β=0.872, p<0.001), they paradoxically reduce entrepreneurial intentions (β=-0.311, p<0.05). Subjective norms showed no significant effect (p=0.156), reflecting cultural nuances in collectivist societies where institutional and structural factors may overshadow social influence. These results suggest that while exposure to diversity fosters creativity and self-efficacy, it may also introduce decision complexity and risk awareness that discourage entrepreneurial action. The study extends TPB by contextualizing its limitations in non-Western settings and offers practical recommendations. These include implementing structured mentorship, industry-specific entrepreneurial curricula, and institutional support systems to help students translate diverse insights into actionable ventures. Educational institutions must balance the benefits of exposure to diverse perspectives with scaffolding mechanisms that mitigate cognitive overload and cultural dissonance. This research contributes to refining entrepreneurship education strategies in emerging economies.

Afandi, A., Wahyuni, E. S., Kristiana, T., & Putra, D. A. (2021). Profile of critical thinking skills of students in high school on climate change and waste recycling materials. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 5(2), 96–104.

Affolderbach, J., & Krueger, R. (2017). “Just” ecopreneurs: re-conceptualising green transitions and entrepreneurship. Local Environment, 22(4), 410–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2016.1210591

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2005). The Influence of Attitudes on Behavior. In The handbook of attitudes. (pp. 173–221). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Amer, A., Sidhu, G., Bo, Z., & Srinivasan, S. (2022). A short review of online learning assessment strategies. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 6(2), 89–103.

Amer, A., Sidhu, G., & Srinivasan, S. (2023). A consideration of gradeless learning in higher education. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 7(1).

Amofah, K., & Saladrigues, R. (2022). Impact of attitude towards entrepreneurship education and role models on entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-022-00197-5

Andayani, E., Srihariani, L., Winarsih, S., & Rusno, R. (2017). The Contribution of School’s Characters to the Effectiveness of Entrepreneurial Learning Based on Local Wisdom. IJPTE : International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v1i1.4610

Balder, N., Singh, H., Mansor, N. N. A., Sakka, A. A., Krubally, M., & Haseebullah. (2020). The impact of entrepreneurship education on attitude, subjective norm and self-efficacy among undergraduates. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 7(10), 108–116. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2020.10.012

Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundation of Thought and Action, a Social Cognitive Theory. Engelwood Cliff, Nj. Prentince Hall.

Bhaskara, R. T., & Inggarwati, K. (2023). Entrepreneurship Education and Academic Support Influence Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention with Parental Role as Moderator. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan, 11(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.26905/jmdk.v11i1.9827

Bougie, R., & Sekaran, U. (2019). Research Methods For Business: A Skill Building Approach (8th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Duong, C. D., Ha, N. T., Le, T. L., Nguyen, T. L. P., Nguyen, T. H. T., & Thanh, P. Van. (2022). Moderating Effects of Covid-19-Related Psychological Distress on the Cognitive Process of Entrepreneurship Among Higher Education Students in Vietnam. In Higher Education Skills and Work-Based Learning. https://doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-01-2022-0006

Efrianto, G., & Tresnawaty, N. (2021). Pengaruh Privasi, Keamanan, Kepercayaan Dan Pengalaman Terhadap Penggunaan Fintech Di Kalangan Masyarakat Kabupaten Tangerang Banten. Jurnal Liabilitas, 6(1), 53–72.

Fayolle, A., & Gailly, B. (2015). The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Intention: Hysteresis and Persistence. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 75–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12065

Fitriyah, Y., Wahyudin, W., Nurhayati, H., & Febrianti, T. S. (2024). Indonesian Students’ Computational Thinking Performance Based on Level and Gender. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 8(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v8i1.89464

Foster, B., Saputra, J., Muhammad, Z., Johansyah, M. D., Sukono, & Bon, A. T. (2021). The mediating role of universities environment in the relationship between self-efficacy, family environment and entrepreneurial intention. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 3081–3087.

Gilson, C. M., & Lee, L. E. (2023). Cultivating a Learning Environment to Support Diverse Gifted Students. Gifted Child Today, 46(4), 235–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/10762175231186454

Giovanni, N., Pangaribuan, M. M. O., & Candra, D. (2024). Designing an Integrated Learning Action Plan to Build Strategic Learning Environments. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 8(2), 296. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v8i2.93624

Gunawan, A. A., Essers, C., & van Riel, A. C. R. (2021). The adoption of ecopreneurship practices in Indonesian craft SMEs: value-based motivations and intersections of identities. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 27(3), 730–752. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-06-2020-0404

Haddad, G., Haddad, G., & Nagpal, G. (2021). Can students’ perception of the diverse learning environment affect their intentions toward entrepreneurship? Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 6(3), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2021.04.002

Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Black, W. C., & Anderson, R. E. (2021). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Hartanto, C. F. B., Sukestiyarno, Y. L., Rusdarti, R., & Abdurrahman, A. (2024). Examining the Influence of Interpersonal Communication, Leadership Capability, Adaptability, and Excellence on Managerial Competence and Leadership Performance in Maritime Vocational Higher Education. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 8(2), 181. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v8i2.93935

Hietanen, L. (2015a). Entrepreneurial learning environments: Supporting or hindering diverse learners? Education and Training, 57(5), 512–531. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-04-2014-0047

Hietanen, L. (2015b). Entrepreneurial learning environments: Supporting or hindering diverse learners? Education and Training, 57(5), 512–531. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-04-2014-0047

Horverak, M. O. (2023). Strategies to Succeed with Inclusion in a Diverse Learning Environment. IAFOR Journal of Education, 11(3), 9–28. https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.11.3.01

Kamaruddin, H., Othman, N., Hassan, R., Zaki, W. M. D. W., & Sum, S. M. (2017). The Government’s Role in the Importance of Entrepreneurship Education Amongst University Students in Malaysia. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics, 579–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43434-6_49

Kaur, M., & Chawla, S. (2024). What is the link between entrepreneurial knowledge, business planning and entrepreneurial intentions? An empirical study on Indian Higher Education Institutions. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-09-2023-0096

Kozhanova, Y. V. (2020). Entrepreuners’ Emotions and Reflections During a Working Day in Early Stages of Entrepreneuship. search.proquest.com. https://search.proquest.com/openview/47795364406cafd6a39ecd95751405ed/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y

Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5(4), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629300000020

Liñán, F., & Fayolle, A. (2015). A systematic literature review on entrepreneurial intentions: citation, thematic analyses, and research agenda. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 11(4), 907–933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-015-0356-5

Love, I., Nikolaev, B., & Dhakal, C. (2024). The well-being of women entrepreneurs: the role of gender inequality and gender roles. Small Business Economics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-023-00769-z

Luz, A. R. C. (2020). Entrepreneurship Performance and Influencing Factors in the EU. search.proquest.com. https://search.proquest.com/openview/56cd6a399ebe0202ea151d883d906ff3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y

Martínez‐Gregorio, S., Pérez-Jiménez, M., Torres, Z., Oliver, A., & Tomás, J. M. (2023). Psychometric Properties of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Dominican Republic Adolescents. Revista Latinoamericana De Psicología, 55. https://doi.org/10.14349/rlp.2023.v55.14

Maryani, L., & Supardi, E. (2023). Pengaruh Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy terhadap Green Entrepreneurial Intention yang Dimediasi oleh Pendidikan Kewirausahaan. Oikos: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Ekonomi Dan Ilmu Ekonomi, 7(2), 425–438.

Mueller-Fichepain, D., McConnell, C., & Gartland, M. P. (2021). Post-Secondary Institution Level and Control: Effect on Women’s Proportion of Entrepreneurship Degrees. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, 5(1), 36-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515127420960432

Mulyono, H., & Rolando, B. (2024). Savoring The Success: Cultivating Innovation And Creativity For Indonesian Culinary MSMEs Growth. Economics and Business Journal (ECBIS), 2(4), 413–428.

Nasreen, F., Ramzy, M. I., Fern, Y. S., & Ai, Y. J. (2024). PREDICTING FACTORS THAT INSPIRE ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION AMONG MALAYSIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management, 12(1), 55–81.

Obschonka, M., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2012). Entrepreneurship from a Developmental Science Perspective. International Journal of Developmental Science, 6(3–4), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.3233/DEV-2012-12105

Pasaribu, A. G., Simbolon, R., & Sianipar, R. (2021). The Contribution of the Entrepreneurship Learning to Pastoral Counselling Students' Motivation to Become Entrepreneurial Counselors. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 12(10).

Patonah, S., Rahardjo, S. B., & Sajidan, S. (2018). The potential of outing class activities to enhance environmental awareness for elementary school pre-services teacher. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 2(1), 1–6. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078657587&partnerID=40&md5=b948aa76cce6a7f2d96a0690fd120fa4

Pratana, N. K., & Margunani, M. (2019). Pengaruh Sikap Berwirausaha, Norma Subjektif Dan Pendidikan Kewirausahaan Terhadap Intensi Berwirausaha. Economic Education Analysis Journal, 8(2), 533–550. https://doi.org/10.15294/EEAJ.V8I2.31489

Purnomo, A. (2024). E-Commerce on Startup: A Systematic Literature Review. EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing, 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34750-4_8

Rahimi, R., & Liston, D. (2023). Exploring social emotional learning in diverse academic settings. In Exploring Social Emotional Learning in Diverse Academic Settings. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7227-9

Ressin, M. (2024). Innovations in the process of training young entrepreneurs: achieving a balance between theory, practice, and market conditions. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13217-6

Rolando, B., Cahyadi, R., & Ekasari, S. (2024). Innovation and Entrepreneurship as Pillars of Economic Development: A Review of the Literature and Its Implications for Society. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY DEDICATION, 4(3), 545–559.

Rolando, B., & Mulyono, H. (2024a). Antecedents of Students’ Entrepreneurial Intentions in Indonesia: The Moderating Effect of Parental Involvement. Terapan Informatika Nusantara, 5(6), 367–377. https://doi.org/10.47065/tin.v5i6.6057

Rolando, B., & Mulyono, H. (2024b). Unlocking the Power of Data: Effective Data-Driven Marketing Strategies to Engage Millennial Consumers : AKUNTANSI, BISNIS DAN KEUANGAN, 4(3), 303–321.

Sahban, M. A., Dileep Kumar, M., & Sri Ramalu, S. (2014). Model Confirmation through Qualitative Research: Social Support System toward Entrepreneurial Desire. Asian Social Science, 10(22), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n22p17

Schwartz, B. (2004). The Paradox Of Choice: Why More Is Less. The Paradox Of Choice: Why More Is Less. https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-psychology/198

Setiawan, M. E., Suwono, H., Alias, S. H., Sulisetijono, S., & Nur, H. (2024). Qualitative exploration of factors influencing the development of entrepreneurship courses in select Indonesian universities with fuzzy logic integration. Qualitative Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-03-2024-0051

Simon, H. A. (1990). Bounded Rationality. Utility and Probability, 15–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20568-4_5

Sorokin, P., Chernenko, S., & Vyatskaya, Y. (2024). Skills as a Result of Entrepreneurship Training in Russia: Supply and Demand. Education and Self Development, 19(1), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.26907/esd.19.1.12

Sugiyono. (2019). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Alphabet.

Susilaningsih, Sumaryati, S., & Siswandari. (2023). ENTREPRENEURSHIP CULTURE: HOW ARE UNIVERSITIES INVOLVED IN ITS DEVELOPMENT? Procedia Environmental Science, Engineering and Management, 10(4), 477–486.

Tunjungsari, H. K., Selamat, F., & Chairy, C. (2021, May). Sustainable entrepreneurship in SMEs: The case of creative-industry SMEs in Jambi, Indonesia. In Ninth International Conference on Entrepreneurship and Business Management (ICEBM 2020) (pp. 546-551). Atlantis Press.https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icebm-20/125956321

Turk, D. B., & Berman, S. B. (2024). Project Based Learning in Real World U.S. History Classrooms: Engaging Diverse Learners. In Project Based Learning in Real World U.S. History Classrooms: Engaging Diverse Learners. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003157649

Udekwe, E., & Iwu, C. G. (2024). The Nexus Between Digital Technology, Innovation, Entrepreneurship Education, and Entrepreneurial Intention and Entrepreneurial Motivation: A Systematic Literature Review. Education Sciences, 14(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14111211