Optimizing Heavy Metal Reduction in Chemical Industry Waste: A Comprehensive Response Surface Methodology Approach for Enhanced Environmental Sustainability

Maria Peratenta Sembiring, Desi Heltina, Chairul Chairul, Sri Rejeki Muria, Melisa Phebeyola Estheria Tarigan

Abstract

This study investigates the optimization of heavy metal reduction in solid waste from the chemical industry using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the extraction parameters for removing Co, Cu, Pb, and Cr using NaCl as a solvent with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a chelating agent. The effects of EDTA: Fly Ash ratio, mixing duration, and extraction temperature were evaluated using induced coupled plasma (ICP) and Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDS) analysis. NaCl proved effective in reducing Co, Cr, and Pb levels. Optimal conditions for NaCl treatment were identified as an EDTA:Fly Ash ratio of 2:1, 3 hours of mixing time, and an extraction temperature of 52.3 ℃, resulting in a 92.3% total metal reduction. ANOVA results confirmed the statistical significance of the model, with high R² values (0.932 – 0.991) for all metals. The EDTA:Fly Ash ratio and its interaction with mixing duration were found to be the most influential factors in the process. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of RSM in optimizing heavy metal reduction processes and provides insights for improving waste management practices in the chemical industry. The findings highlight the importance of process parameter optimization in enhancing the efficiency of heavy metal removal from industrial solid waste.

Keywords

Box-Behnken; EDTA; life cycle analysis; Sodium chloride; surface plot

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abdel-Shafy, H.I., and Mansour, M.S.M., 2018. Solid Waste Issue: Sources, Composition, Disposal, Recycling, and Valorization. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 27, 1275–1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.07.003.

Alaoui, A., El Kacemi, K., El Ass, K., and Kitane, S., 2015. Application of Box-Behnken Design to Determine the Optimal Conditions of Reductive Leaching of MnO2 from Manganese Mine Tailings. Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals, 56, 134–141. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1067821215020029.

Anicetus, H.E., 2014. Determination of Heavy Metal Concentration in Bottom Ash in the Medical Waste Incinerators: The Case Study of Dar es Salaam City. Master’s Thesis, The Open University of Tanzania.

Aziz, K.H.H., Mustafa, F.S., Omer, K.M., Hama, S., Hamarawf, R.F., and Rahman, K.O., 2023. Heavy Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment: Efficient and Low-Cost Removal Approaches to Eliminate Their Toxicity: A Review. RSC Advances, 13, 17595–17610. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA00723E.

Bagheri, A.R., Ghaedi, M., Asfaram, A., Jannesar, R., and Goudarzi, A., 2017. Design and Construction of Nanoscale Material for Ultrasonic Assisted Adsorption of Dyes: Application of Derivative Spectrophotometry and Experimental Design Methodology. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 35, 112–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.09.008.

Bauer, G., and Limbeck, A., 2018. ETV-ICP-OES Analysis of Trace Elements in Fly-Ash Samples - A Fast and Easy Way for Simplified Routine Determination. Microchemical Journal, 137, 496–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2017.12.017.

Bayuo, J., Rwiza, M., and Mtei, K., 2022. Response Surface Optimization and Modeling in Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater—a Critical Review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194, 351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-09994-7.

Bennett, N.D., Croke, B.F.W., Guariso, G., Guillaume, J.H.A., Hamilton, S.H., Jakeman, A.J., Marsili-Libelli, S., Newham, L.T.H., Norton, J.P., Perrin, C., Pierce, S.A., Robson, B., Seppelt, R., Voinov, A.A., Fath, B.D., and Andreassian, V., 2013. Characterising Performance of Environmental Models. Environmental Modelling & Software, 40, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.09.011.

Buenaño, L., Ali, E., Jafer, A., Zaki, S.H., Hammady, F.J., Khayoun Alsaadi, S.B., Karim, M.M., Ramadan, M.F., Omran, A.A., Alawadi, A., Alsalamy, A., and Kazemi, A., 2024. Optimization by Box–Behnken Design for Environmental Contaminants Removal Using Magnetic Nanocomposite. Scientific Reports, 14, 6950. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57616-8.

Chen, J., Meng, T., Leng, E., and E, J., 2022. Review on Metal Dissolution Characteristics and Harmful Metals Recovery from Electronic Wastes by Supercritical Water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 424, 127693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127693.

Ugwu, E.C., Gupta, B. Sen, Adebayo, A., and Martínez-Villegas, N., 2022. Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimizing Process Parameters for the Removal of Pb and Cu by Acacia Concinna from Contaminated Soil. Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, 26, 127–139. https://doi.org/10.25303/2607rjce127139.

Das, S., Sultana, K.W., Ndhlala, A.R., Mondal, M., and Chandra, I., 2023. Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment and Its Impact on Health: Exploring Green Technology for Remediation. Environmental Health Insights, 17. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302231201259.

Goren, A.Y., and Kobya, M., 2021. Arsenic Removal from Groundwater Using an Aerated Electrocoagulation Reactor with 3D Al Electrodes in the Presence of Anions. Chemosphere, 263, 128253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128253.

Hessel, V., Tran, N.N., Orandi, S., Asrami, M.R., Goodsite, M., and Nguyen, H., 2021. Continuous‐Flow Extraction of Adjacent Metals—A Disruptive Economic Window for In Situ Resource Utilization of Asteroids? Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 60, 3368–3388. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201912205.

Kazi, O.A., Chen, W., Eatman, J.G., Gao, F., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Xia, Z., and Darling, S.B., 2023. Material Design Strategies for Recovery of Critical Resources from Water. Advanced Materials, 35. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202300913.

Mai, R., Niemand, T., and Kraus, S., 2021. A Tailored-Fit Model Evaluation Strategy for Better Decisions about Structural Equation Models. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173, 121142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121142.

Mor, S., and Ravindra, K., 2023. Municipal Solid Waste Landfills in Lower- and Middle-Income Countries: Environmental Impacts, Challenges and Sustainable Management Practices. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 174, 510–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2023.04.014.

Myers, R.H., Montgomery, D.C., and Anderson-Cook, C.M., 2016. Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiment, third ed. A John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, Canada.

Ni’matuzahroh, Fitriani, N., Soedjono, E.S., Kuncoro, E.P., Radin Mohamed, R.M.S., and O’Marga, T.T.N., 2020. Visualization of the Microbial Community and Elemental Mapping of Anadara Granosa Media Used in a Slow Sand Filter Using a SEM-EDS. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 17, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.3233/AJW200032.

Ohale, P.E., Uzoh, C.F., and Onukwuli, O.D., 2017. Optimal Factor Evaluation for the Dissolution of Alumina from Azaraegbelu Clay in Acid Solution Using RSM and ANN Comparative Analysis. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 24, 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2017.06.003.

Pandey, S.K., and Bhattacharya, T., 2019. Mobility, Ecological Risk and Change in Surface Morphology during Sequential Chemical Extraction of Heavy Metals in Fly Ash: A Case Study. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 13, 373–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2016.10.004.

Polat, S., and Sayan, P., 2019. Application of Response Surface Methodology with a Box–Behnken Design for Struvite Precipitation. Advanced Powder Technology, 30, 2396–2407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2019.07.022.

Ralston, J., Fornasiero, D., and Grano, S., 2007. Pulp and Solution Chemistry, in: Fuerstenau, M., Jameson, G., Yoon, R. (Eds.). Froth Flotation: A Century of Innovation, pp. 227–258.

Rattanasak, U., and Chindaprasirt, P., 2009. Influence of NaOH Solution on the Synthesis of Fly Ash Geopolymer. Minerals Engineering, 22, 1073–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2009.03.022.

Rodriguez‐Casariego, J.A., Ladd, M.C., Shantz, A.A., Lopes, C., Cheema, M.S., Kim, B., Roberts, S.B., Fourqurean, J.W., Ausio, J., Burkepile, D.E., and Eirin‐Lopez, J.M., 2018. Coral Epigenetic Responses to Nutrient Stress: Histone H2A.X Phosphorylation Dynamics and DNA Methylation in the Staghorn Coral Acropora Cervicornis. Ecology and Evolution, 8, 12193–12207. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4678.

Sari, D.P., Hartini, S., Rinawati, D.I., and Wicaksono, T.S., 2011. Pengukuran Tingkat Eko-Efisiensi Menggunakan Life Cycle Assessment untuk Menciptakan Sustainable Production di Usaha Kecil Menengah Batik. Jurnal Teknik Industri, 14, 137–144. https://doi.org/10.9744/jti.14.2.137-144.

Sembiring, M.P., Kaban, J., Bangun, N., and Saputra, E., 2020. EDTA Utilization for Reduction of Transition Metal Content on Boiler Ash from Pulp and Paper Mill Waste. Rasayan Journal of chemistry, 13, 1952–1958. https://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2020.1335762.

Sočo, E., and Kalembkiewicz, J., 2007. Investigations of Chemical Fraction of Co and Ni in Industrial Fly Ash and Mobility of Metals in Environmental Conditions. Chemosphere, 67, 359–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.09.077.

Tang, J., and Steenari, B.-M., 2016. Leaching Optimization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ash for Resource Recovery: A Case Study of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd. Waste Management, 48, 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.10.003.

Tang, J., Su, M., Peng, H., Shi, Q., Chen, D., Wang, N., Xiao, E., Huang, L., Zhang, H., and Xiao, T., 2021. Assessment of Heavy Metals Mobility and Correlative Recovery and Decontamination from MSWI Fly Ash: Mechanism and Hydrometallurgical Process Evaluation. Science of The Total Environment, 768, 145050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145050.

Tang, J., Su, M., Wu, Q., Wei, L., Wang, N., Xiao, E., Zhang, H., Wei, Y., Liu, Y., Ekberg, C., Steenari, B.-M., and Xiao, T., 2019. Highly Efficient Recovery and Clean-up of Four Heavy Metals from MSWI Fly Ash by Integrating Leaching, Selective Extraction and Adsorption. Journal of Cleaner Production, 234, 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.198.

Thivierge, M., Royer, I., Halde, C., Chantigny, M.H., Bélanger, G., Lachance, C., and Lavergne, S., 2021. Root Recovery and Elemental Composition in a Perennial Grass as Affected by Soaking Conditions. Agronomy Journal, 113, 3952–3967. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20821.

Velusamy, S., Roy, A., Sundaram, S., and Kumar Mallick, T., 2021. A Review on Heavy Metal Ions and Containing Dyes Removal Through Graphene Oxide‐Based Adsorption Strategies for Textile Wastewater Treatment. The Chemical Record, 21, 1570–1610. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.202000153.

Yeten, B., Castellini, A., Guyaguler, B., and Chen, W.H., 2005. A Comparison Study on Experimental Design and Response Surface Methodologies, in: SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium. SPE. https://doi.org/10.2118/93347-MS.

Zhang, K., Dai, Z., Zhang, W., Gao, Q., Dai, Y., Xia, F., and Zhang, X., 2021. EDTA-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Metal Ions in Wastewater. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 434, 213809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213809.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.21.2.98970.296-304

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.