The Synergistic Enhancement of Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Polymer Composites using Carbon Nanofiber-Metal Oxide Hybrid Fillers

Dini Deviana Saputri, Teguh Endah Saraswati, Wijang Wisnu Raharjo

Abstract

In this modern era, humans cannot be separated from utilizing electronic devices. The unwanted noise or disturbance problem in electronic devices is majorly caused by Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). Recent technology and materials are being developed to manufacture EMI shielding composites. Carbon nanomaterial-based composites have become a very attractive material because of their lightweight, incredible mechanical, thermal, and conductivity properties. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and metal oxides are promising combination materials that reveal unique properties of both components to enhance shielding effectiveness. This combination of CNFs and metal oxides results in a synergistic effect, where the conductive CNFs enhances the reflection of EMI, and the metal oxides contribute to the absorption and attenuation of the waves. In this review article, the authors focus on the extensive discussion about the synthesis method of producing CNFs, some studies that combine CNFs and metal oxide, and some reports about using CNFs-metal oxide as a hybrid filler in the EMI shielding composites.

Keywords

carbon nanofibers; metal oxide; hybrid filler; EMI shielding

Full Text:

PDF

References

Afolabi, O.A., and Ndou, N., 2024. Synergy of Hybrid Fillers for Emerging Composite and Nanocomposite Materials—A Review. Polymers, 16, 1907. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16131907.

Bonakdar, M.A., and Rodrigue, D., 2024. Electrospinning: Processes, Structures, and Materials. Macromol, 4, 58–103. https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol4010004.

Ajmal, S., Kumar, A., Yasin, G., Alam, M.M., Selvaraj, M., Tabish, M., Mushtaq, M.A., Gupta, R.K., and Zhao, W., 2023. A Microwave-Assisted Decoration of Carbon Nanotubes with Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 943, 169067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.169067.

Albetran, H.M., 2023. Synthesis and Characterization of Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers from Polyacrylonitrile and Graphite Nanoplatelets. Materials, 16, 1749. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041749.

Ali, Z., Yaqoob, S., Yu, J., and D’Amore, A., 2024. Critical Review on the Characterization, Preparation, and Enhanced Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Hybrid Filler Polymer Composites for Various Applications. Composites Part C: Open Access, 13, 100434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100434.

Anjaneyalu, A.M., Zeraati, A.S., and Sundararaj, U., 2019. Enhanced Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness of Hybrid Fillers by Segregated Structure. p. 040009. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5088329.

Aswathi, M.K., Rane, A. V, Ajitha, A.R., Thomas, S., and Jaroszewski, M., 2019. EMI Shielding Fundamentals Fundamentals of EMI Shielding Theory. Advanced Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding: Fundamentals, Properties, and Applications, 1–9.

Atinafu, D.G., Yun, B.Y., Yang, S., Yuk, H., Wi, S., and Kim, S., 2021. Structurally Advanced Hybrid Support Composite Phase Change Materials: Architectural Synergy. Energy Storage Materials, 42, 164–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.07.022.

Bayat, M., Yang, H., Ko, F.K., Michelson, D., and Mei, A., 2014. Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness of Hybrid Multifunctional Fe3O4/Carbon Nanofiber Composite. Polymer, 55, 936–943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.12.042.

Bora, P.J., Kishore, and Ramamurthy, P.C., 2021. Polymer-Metal/Metal Oxide-Coated Fly Ash Cenosphere Composite Film for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding, in: Handbook of Fly Ash. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817686-3.00009-8.

Cao, S., Huang, Y., Xu, Z., Dong, T., Su, Y., Lei, J., Zhang, S., Lin, Y., Hao, D., Cao, Y., Yang, K., Hang, Z., and Huang, R., 2024. Synergistic Enhancing Effect for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption via Melamine Resin-Based Magnetic Core-Shell Microspheres/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Composites Science and Technology, 255, 110709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2024.110709.

Chan, S., Zennaro, M., Pietrosemoli, E., Rainone, M., Oktavianti, I., and Nopphawan, P., 2020. The Blindspot of Electromagnetic Interference Affecting Sensitive Medical Devices at Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities, in: 2020 10th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference, CCWC 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCWC47524.2020.9031203.

Chandra, R.B.J., Shivamurthy, B., Kulkarni, S.D., and Kumar, M.S., 2019. Hybrid Polymer Composites for EMI Shielding Application- a Review. Materials Research Express, 6, 082008. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aaff00.

Choudhury, S.N., Nayak, J., Das, P., Pal, A., Katheria, A., Banerji, P., and Das, N.Ch., 2024. Enhancing Electrical Characteristics and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness in Thermoplastic Elastomeric Polymer Blends by Utilizing the Selective Distribution of Conductive Black. Functional Composite Materials, 5, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42252-024-00053-7.

Chung, D.D.L., 2001. Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness of Carbon Materials. Carbon, 39, 279–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00184-6.

Crespo, M., Méndez, N., González, M., Baselga, J., and Pozuelo, J., 2014. Synergistic Effect of Magnetite Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanofibres in Electromagnetic Absorbing Composites. Carbon, 74, 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.02.082.

Das, A., Raffi, M., Megaridis, C., Fragouli, D., Innocenti, C., and Athanassiou, A., 2015. Magnetite (Fe3O4)-Filled Carbon Nanofibers as Electro-Conducting/Superparamagnetic Nanohybrids and Their Multifunctional Polymer Composites. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 17, 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-014-2856-6.

Deeraj, B.D.S., George, G., Dhineshbabu, N.R., Bose, S., and Joseph, K., 2021. Electrospun ZrO2@carbon Nanofiber Mats and Their Epoxy Composites as Effective EMI Shields in Ku Band. Materials Research Bulletin, 144, 111477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2021.111477.

Feng, L., Xie, N., and Zhong, J., 2014. Carbon Nanofibers and Their Composites: A Review of Synthesizing, Properties and Applications. Materials, 7, 3919–3945. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7053919.

Ghaemi, F., Ali, M., Yunus, R., and Othman, R.N., 2018. Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials Using Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique, in: Synthesis, Technology and Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815757-2.00001-2.

Guadagno, L., Naddeo, C., and Raimondo, M., 2023. Thermal, Mechanical and Electrical Performance of Structural Epoxy Resins Filled with Carbon Nanofibers. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 148, 13095–13106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12521-6.

Guo, Y., Wang, X., Shen, Y., Dong, K., Shen, L., and Alzalab, A.A.A., 2022. Research Progress, Models and Simulation of Electrospinning Technology: A Review. Journal of Materials Science, 57, 58–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06575-w.

Haider, A., Haider, S., and Kang, I.-K., 2018. A Comprehensive Review Summarizing the Effect of Electrospinning Parameters and Potential Applications of Nanofibers in Biomedical and Biotechnology. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 11, 1165–1188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.11.015.

Hamouda, S.A., and Amneenah, N.S., 2024. Electromagnetic Interference Impacts on Electronic Systems and Regulations. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 4, 124–127.

Hassija, V., Chamola, V., Bajpai, B.C., Naren, and Zeadally, S., 2021. Security Issues in Implantable Medical Devices: Fact or Fiction? Sustainable Cities and Society, 66, 102552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102552.

Hwang, H., Byun, S., Yuk, S., Kim, S., Song, S.H., and Lee, D., 2021. High-Rate Electrospun Ti3C2Tx MXene/Carbon Nanofiber Electrodes for Flexible Supercapacitors. Applied Surface Science, 556, 149710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.149710.

Ibrahim, H.M., and Klingner, A., 2020. A Review on Electrospun Polymeric Nanofibers: Production Parameters and Potential Applications. Polymer Testing, 90, 106647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2020.106647.

Isari, A.A., Ghaffarkhah, A., Hashemi, S.A., Wuttke, S., and Arjmand, M., 2024. Structural Design for EMI Shielding: From Underlying Mechanisms to Common Pitfalls. Advanced Materials, 36, 2310683. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202310683.

Ismail, S.O., Akpan, E., and Dhakal, H.N., 2022. Review on Natural Plant Fibres and Their Hybrid Composites for Structural Applications: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives. Composites Part C: Open Access, 9, 100322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2022.100322.

Jagatheesan, K., Ramasamy, A., Das, A., and Basu, A., 2014. Electromagnetic Shielding Behaviour of Conductive Filler Composites and Conductive Fabrics – A Review. Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research, 39, 329–342.

Jawaid, M., Chee, S.S., Asim, M., Saba, N., and Kalia, S., 2022. Sustainable Kenaf/Bamboo Fibers/Clay Hybrid Nanocomposites: Properties, Environmental Aspects and Applications. Journal of Cleaner Production, 330, 129938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129938.

Jeon, D., Sagong, M., Kim, M.S., Nam, J.S., Park, H., and Kim, I., 2025. Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers for Clean Energy Applications: A Comprehensive Review. EcoMat, 7, e12517. https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12517.

Keirouz, A., Wang, Z., Reddy, V.S., Nagy, Z.K., Vass, P., Buzgo, M., Ramakrishna, S., and Radacsi, N., 2023. The History of Electrospinning: Past, Present, and Future Developments. Advanced Materials Technologies, 8, 2201723. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.202201723.

Keshavarz, S., Okoro, O.V., Hamidi, M., Derakhshankhah, H., Azizi, M., Mohammad Nabavi, S., Gholizadeh, S., Amini, S.M., Shavandi, A., Luque, R., and Samadian, H., 2022. Synthesis, Surface Modifications, and Biomedical Applications of Carbon Nanofibers: Electrospun vs Vapor-Grown Carbon Nanofibers. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 472, 214770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214770.

Kim, G., and Kim, B.-H., 2022. One-Dimensional Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanofibers with Cobalt Oxide in a Hollow Channel for Electrochemical Applications. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 910, 164886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164886.

Kim, M., Park, J., Shin, H., Maity, C.K., and Kim, M.J., 2024. Synthesis of Carbon Nanofibers Using Bimetallic Nickel-Palladium Nano Catalysts and Evaluation of Charge Storage Capacity. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 1003, 175485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.175485.

Kruželák, J., Kvasničáková, A., Hložeková, K., and Hudec, I., 2021. Progress in Polymers and Polymer Composites Used as Efficient Materials for EMI Shielding. Nanoscale Advances, 3, 123–172. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0NA00760A.

Kumar, R., Sahoo, S., Joanni, E., Singh, R.K., Tan, W.K., Kar, K.K., and Matsuda, A., 2021. Recent Progress on Carbon-Based Composite Materials for Microwave Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. Carbon, 177, 304–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2021.02.091.

Kumar, S.S.A., Bashir, S., Ramesh, K., and Ramesh, S., 2022. A Review on Graphene and Its Derivatives as the Forerunner of the Two-Dimensional Material Family for the Future. Journal of Materials Science, 57, 12236–12278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07346-x.

Lee, C.-S., and Hyun, Y., 2016. Synthesis and Characteristics of Carbon Nanofibers/Silicon Composites and Application to Anode Materials of Li Secondary Batteries, in: Nanofiber Research - Reaching New Heights. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/63507.

Lee, J.-H., Kim, Y.-S., Ru, H.-J., Lee, S.-Y., and Park, S.-J., 2022. Highly Flexible Fabrics/Epoxy Composites with Hybrid Carbon Nanofillers for Absorption-Dominated Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. Nano-Micro Letters, 14, 188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00926-1.

Lee, J.-P., Choi, S., Cho, S., Song, W.-J., and Park, S., 2021. Fabrication of Carbon Nanofibers Decorated with Various Kinds of Metal Oxides for Battery Applications. Energies, 14, 1353. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051353.

Leuchter, J., Bloudicek, R., Boril, J., Bajer, J., and Blasch, E., 2021. Influence of Aircraft Power Electronics Processing on Backup VHF Radio Systems. Electronics, 10, 777. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10070777.

Li, X., Li, K., Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Hu, X., Li, Y., and Liu, Y., 2024. Recent Advances in Mechanism, Influencing Parameters, and Dopants of Electrospun EMI Shielding Composites: A Review. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 141, e54788. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.54788.

Lv, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, G., Zhao, Y., and Liu, J., 2021. Formation of Carbon Nanofibers/Nanotubes by Chemical Vapor Deposition Using Al2O3/KOH. Diamond and Related Materials, 113, 108265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2021.108265.

Lyu, B., Wang, Y., Gao, D., Guo, S., Zhou, Y., and Ma, J., 2024. Ultra-Low Reflection Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Nanofiber Film with Effective Solar Harvesting and Self-Cleaning. Collagen and Leather, 6, 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42825-023-00143-5.

Maher, N., Mahmood, A., Fareed, M.A., Kumar, N., Rokaya, D., and Zafar, M.S., 2025. An Updated Review and Recent Advancements in Carbon-Based Bioactive Coatings for Dental Implant Applications. Journal of Advanced Research, 72, 265–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.016.

Mailley, D., Hébraud, A., and Schlatter, G., 2021. A Review on the Impact of Humidity during Electrospinning: From the Nanofiber Structure Engineering to the Applications. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 306, 2100115. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.202100115.

Mamun, A., García-Mateos, F.J., Sabantina, L., Klöcker, M., Diestelhorst, E., Ruiz-Rosas, R., Rosas, J.M., Rodríguez-Mirasol, J., Blachowicz, T., and Cordero, T., 2023. Electrospinning of Magnetite–Polyacrylonitrile Composites for the Production of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts. Polymers, 15, 4064. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15204064.

Manawi, Y.M., Ihsanullah, Samara, A., Al-Ansari, T., and Atieh, M.A., 2018. A Review of Carbon Nanomaterials’ Synthesis via the Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method. Materials, 11, 822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11050822.

Mishra, R.K., Thomas, M.G., Abraham, J., Joseph, K., and Thomas, S., 2018. Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Materials for Aerospace Application, in: Advanced Materials for Electromagnetic Shielding. Wiley, pp. 327–365. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119128625.ch15.

Mitilineos, S.A., Dedes, V., Clemente, D.N., Kevlishvili, N., Kuhlmann, S., Savaidis, S.P., Stathopoulos, N., Ioannidis, Z.C., Tsitouri, C., Papadogeorgos, E., Apergis, N.G., and Martinez-Vazquez, M., 2021. Electromagnetic Susceptibility of Car Engine and Parts to Narrowband Microwaves in the 1–2.5 GHz Band. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 63, 1366–1375. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.2021.3064855.

Morales, M.A., Henry, T.C., and Salamanca-Riba, L.G., 2023. Model of Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness for a Multifunctional Composite Containing Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer and Copper Mesh Layers. Carbon, 212, 118179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118179.

Nekounam, H., Samani, S., Samadian, H., Shokrgozar, M.A., and Faridi-Majidi, R., 2023. Zinc Oxide-Carbon Nanofiber (ZnO-CNF) Nanocomposite for Bone Tissue Engineering: An Inquiry into Structural, Physical and Biological Properties. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 295, 127052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2022.127052.

Ni’maturrohmah, D., Maharani, D., Ruzicka, O., Gitasari, U.H., Adhitama, E., and Saraswati, T.E., 2018. Copper-Graphene Composite: Electrochemical Synthesis and Structural Characterization. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 333, 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/333/1/012002.

Orasugh, J.T., and Ray, S.S., 2023. Functional and Structural Facts of Effective Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Materials: A Review. ACS Omega, 8, 8134–8158. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c05815.

Ospanali, A.T., 2020. Obtaining of Carbon Nanofibers Based on Polyacrylonitrile by The Method of Electrospinning. Eurasian Physical Technical Journal, 17, 35–38. https://doi.org/10.31489/2020No1/35-38.

Pandey, R., Tekumalla, S., and Gupta, M. 2020. Chapter 21 - Emi Shielding of Metals, Alloys, and Composites. Materials for Potential EMI Shielding Applications. K. Joseph, R. Wilson and G. George, Elsevier, 341-355.

Panahi-Sarmad, M., Noroozi, M., Xiao, X., and Park, C.B., 2022. Recent Advances in Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites and Foams for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 61, 1545–1568. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04116.

Park, S.-J., Deshmukh, M.A., Kang, B.-C., Jeon, J.-Y., Chen, C., and Ha, T.-J., 2020. Review—A Review of Advanced Electronic Applications Based on Carbon Nanomaterials. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 9, 071002. https://doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/abb035.

Qanati, M.V., Rasooli, A., and Rezvani, M., 2022. Main Structural and Mechanical Properties of Electrospun PAN-Based Carbon Nanofibers as a Function of Carbonization Maximum Temperature. Polymer Bulletin, 79, 331–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-020-03520-w.

Rahimpour, S., Kiyani, M., Hodges, S.E., and Turner, D.A., 2021. Deep Brain Stimulation and Electromagnetic Interference. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 203, 106577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106577.

Razeghi, M., 2019. The Carbon Atom, in: The Mystery of Carbon. IOP Publishing, pp. 1-1-1–12. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-2563/ab35d1ch1.

Ruiz-Cornejo, J.C., Sebastián, D., and Lázaro, M.J., 2020. Synthesis and Applications of Carbon Nanofibers: A Review. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 36, 493–511. https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2018-0021.

Sahoo, B., and Panda, P.K., 2012. Preparation and Characterization of Barium Titanate Nanofibers by Electrospinning. Ceramics International, 38, 5189–5193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.03.025.

Sankaran, S., Deshmukh, K., Ahamed, M.B., and Khadheer Pasha, S.K., 2018. Recent Advances in Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Properties of Metal and Carbon Filler Reinforced Flexible Polymer Composites: A Review. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 114, 49–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.08.006.

Santos, P., Silva, A.P., and Reis, P.N.B., 2024. The Effect of Carbon Nanofibers on the Mechanical Performance of Epoxy-Based Composites: A Review. Polymers, 16, 2152. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152152.

Saputri, D.D., Jan’ah, A.M., and Saraswati, T.E., 2020. Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Using a Biogas-Based Carbon Precursor: A Review. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 959, 012019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/959/1/012019.

Saraswati, T.E., Prasiwi, O.D.I., Masykur, A., Handayani, N., and Anwar, M., 2017. The Modification of Carbon with Iron Oxide Synthesized in Electrolysis Using the Arc Discharge Method. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 176, 012046. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/176/1/012046.

Saraswati, T.E., Saputri, D.D., and Raharjo, W.W., 2025. Enhanced Performance of Epoxy Resin-Polyimide Hybrid Composites with Aminated Carbon Nanofibers Filler. Science and Technology Indonesia, 10, 152–164. https://doi.org/10.26554/sti.2025.10.1.152-164.

Shan, H., Zhang, B., Zhan, Z., Sullivan, D., Wang, S., and Jin, Y., 2022. Invisible Finger: Practical Electromagnetic Interference Attack on Touchscreen-Based Electronic Devices, in: Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. pp. 22–26. https://doi.org/10.1109/SP46214.2022.9833718.

Sharma, G.K., and James, N.R., 2024. Aligned, Carbon Nanofibers Containing Barium Titanate and Their Polydimethylsiloxane Composites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. Carbon, 220, 118846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2024.118846.

Shoukat, R., and Khan, M.I., 2022. Carbon Nanotubes/Nanofibers (CNTs/CNFs): A Review on State of the Art Synthesis Methods. Microsystem Technologies, 28, 885–901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-022-05263-2.

Sinha, A.K., Narang, H.K., and Bhattacharya, S., 2020. Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Polymer Composites: A Review. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 42, 431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-020-02517-w.

Solkin, M., 2021. Electromagnetic Interference Hazards in Flight and the 5G Mobile Phone: Review of Critical Issues in Aviation Security. Transportation Research Procedia, 59, 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.11.123.

Tayebi-Khorrami, V., Rahmanian-Devin, P., Fadaei, M.R., Movaffagh, J., and Askari, V.R., 2024. Advanced Applications of Smart Electrospun Nanofibers in Cancer Therapy: With Insight into Material Capabilities and Electrospinning Parameters. International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X, 8, 100265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpx.2024.100265.

Tijjani, H., Olatunde, A., Zangoma, M.H., Egbuna, C., Danyaro, A.M., Abdulkarim, H., Mahmoud, F.A., and Muhammad, M., 2022. Nanoformulation of Antioxidant Supplements, in: Applications of Nanotechnology in Drug Discovery and Delivery. pp. 45–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824408-1.00003-X.

Urade, A.R., Lahiri, I., and Suresh, K.S., 2023. Graphene Properties, Synthesis and Applications: A Review. JOM, 75, 614–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-022-05505-8.

Wang, C., Murugadoss, V., Kong, J., He, Z., Mai, X., Shao, Q., Chen, Y., Guo, L., Liu, C., Angaiah, S., and Guo, Z., 2018. Overview of Carbon Nanostructures and Nanocomposites for Electromagnetic Wave Shielding. Carbon, 140, 696–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.006.

Wang, H., He, D., Qiu, J., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Li, Y., Chen, J., and Wang, C., 2022. PAN/W18O49/Ag Nanofibrous Membrane for High-Efficient and Multi-Band Electromagnetic-Interference Shielding with Broad Temperature Tolerance and Good Thermal Isolating Capacity. Composites Part B: Engineering, 236, 109793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.109793.

Wang, T., Chen, Z., Gong, W., Xu, F., Song, X., He, X., and Fan, M., 2023. Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers and Their Applications in Several Areas. ACS Omega, 8, 22316–22330. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c01114.

Wang, X.-D., Vinodgopal, K., and Dai, G.-P., 2019. Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes by Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition, in: Perspective of Carbon Nanotubes. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86995.

Wang, X.-Y., Liao, S.-Y., Wan, Y.-J., Zhu, P.-L., Hu, Y.-G., Zhao, T., Sun, R., and Wong, C.-P., 2022. Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Materials: Recent Progress, Structure Design, and Future Perspective. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 10, 44–72. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TC04702G.

Wang, Y., Zheng, M., Lu, H., Feng, S., Ji, G., and Cao, J., 2010. Template Synthesis of Carbon Nanofibers Containing Linear Mesocage Arrays. Nanoscale Research Letters, 5, 913–916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11671-010-9562-9.

Wei, H., Zheng, W., Jiang, Z., and Huang, Y., 2019. CNT Coatings Grown on the Outer and Inner Surfaces of Magnetic Hollow Carbon Fibers with Enhanced Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 7, 14375–14383. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC04485J.

Wu, S., Ladani, R.B., Zhang, J., Kinloch, A.J., Zhao, Z., Ma, J., Zhang, X., Mouritz, A.P., Ghorbani, K., and Wang, C.H., 2015. Epoxy Nanocomposites Containing Magnetite-Carbon Nanofibers Aligned Using a Weak Magnetic Field. Polymer, 68, 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2015.04.080.

Xie, F., Jia, F., Zhuo, L., Lu, Z., Si, L., Huang, J., Zhang, M., and Ma, Q., 2019. Ultrathin MXene/Aramid Nanofiber Composite Paper with Excellent Mechanical Properties for Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. Nanoscale, 11, 23382–23391. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR07331K.

Yadav, D., Amini, F., and Ehrmann, A., 2020. Recent Advances in Carbon Nanofibers and Their Applications – A Review. European Polymer Journal, 138, 109963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109963.

Yang, X., Chen, Y., Zhang, C., Duan, G., and Jiang, S., 2023. Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers and Their Reinforced Composites: Preparation, Modification, Applications, and Perspectives. Composites Part B: Engineering, 249, 110386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110386.

Yazdi, S.J.M., Lisitski, A., Pack, S., Hiziroglu, H.R., and Baqersad, J., 2023. Analysis of Shielding Effectiveness against Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) for Metal-Coated Polymeric Materials. Polymers, 15, 1911. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15081911.

Yousefi, Z., Sahebian, S., and Sajjadi, S.A., 2025. Synthesis of PVA Fiber/CoFe2O4/Cu Composite and Evaluation of Its Electromagnetic Wave Shielding Performance. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 204, 112745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2025.112745.

Zecchi, S., Cristoforo, G., Bartoli, M., Tagliaferro, A., Torsello, D., Rosso, C., Boccaccio, M., and Acerra, F., 2024. A Comprehensive Review of Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Composite Materials. Micromachines, 15, 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15020187.

Zhou, X., Liu, B., Chen, Y., Guo, L., and Wei, G., 2020. Carbon Nanofiber-Based Three-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Energy and Environmental Applications. Materials Advances, 1, 2163–2181. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0MA00492H.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.21.2.97322.224-240

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.