UNPACKING THE SYSTEMIC CHALLENGE: A MULTI-METHODOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF TEA COOPERATIVE IN INDONESIA

Abstract

Cooperatives in Indonesia continue to face persistent performance challenges despite ongoing improvement efforts from various stakeholders. Given the complexity and multi‑actor nature of these issues, this study employs a Systems Thinking approach that integrates Critical Systems and Soft Systems methodologies. The research begins by mapping everyday agricultural processes through a Rich Picture to capture the dynamics of tea‑farming activities. It then applies Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH) to surface diverse stakeholder perspectives, particularly those of tea farmers and tea pickers, regarding potential system improvements. Data were collected qualitatively through interviews and participatory focus group discussions with members and administrators of the Paninggaran Berdikari Makmur Cooperative in Pekalongan, Central Java. Member checking was conducted at each analytical stage to ensure validity. The combined methodological approach effectively supported problem structuring by amplifying the voices of less‑empowered actors within the cooperative system. Incorporating CSH proved especially valuable in revealing power asymmetries and enabling more inclusive reflection on system boundaries. Overall, the study demonstrates that integrating Critical and Soft Systems approaches enhances stakeholders’ understanding of cooperative dynamics and provides a stronger foundation for designing more equitable and effective interventions.