Conservation Outside Forests in Indonesia : An Option to Untangle Authority Dualism in the Essential Ecosystem Area

Agustina Merdekawati, Marsudi Triatmodjo, Sandy Nurvianto, Irkham Afnan Trisandi Hasibuan, Vivin Purnamawati, I Gusti Putu Agung

Abstract

As a country rich in biodiversity, Indonesia has realised the importance of conducting conservation efforts beyond the designated conservation areas, where most of the biodiversity elements are located. In fact, the country has adopted the concept of Essential Ecosystem Areas (EEAs) into various statutory instruments. However, the implementation of EEA policies has faced various obstacles stemming from the dualism of authority between the central and regional governments in establishing and managing EEA. Act No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government delegates the implementation to the provincial governments. At the same time, Government Regulation No. 28 of 2011 mandates that the exercise of EEA protection be integrated with conservation efforts conducted by the central government. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the legal implications of the dualism of authority in EEA implementation and provide recommendations for a regulatory scheme. The problem may be mitigated by considering the factors relevant to the regulatory implementation aspects. The results revealed that the existence of dualism of authority has had implications in several aspects, including the authority in establishing, managing and financing EEAs, which have prevented authorities from achieving the objectives of establishing EEAs. Thus, this study also recommends the integrated and modified implementation of EEA policies in several ways

Keywords

biodiversity conservation; dualism of authority; essential ecosystem area

Full Text:

PDF

References

Act No. 11 of 2010 on Cultural Properties.

Act No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government.

Act No. 41 of 1999 on Forestry.

Act No. 5 of 1990 on Conservation of Biodiversity and Their Ecosystems.

Act No. 5 of 1994 on the Ratification of United Nations Convention on Biological Biodiversity.

Angi, Edy M. (2005). Kebijakan Pemerintah Pusat di Bidang Konservasi dari Perspektif Daerah dan Masyarakat: Studi Kasus Kabupaten Kutai Barat Kalimantan Timur, Forests and Governance Programme No 5/2005, Jakarta: Center for International Forestry Research.

Bayinah, A.N. (2015). “Implementasi Zakat sebagai Pengurang Penghasilan Kena Pajak”, Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Islam, 3(1), 84.

Black, Henry C. (1990). Black’s Law Dictionary 6th Edition. St. Paul, Minn. West Publishing Co.

Directorate General of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation (2016). Kebijakan Perlindungan, Pengawetan dan Pemanfaatan Hutan Konservasi dan Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial Terkait Penurunan Emisi GRK. Policy brief presented in Pertemuan Lanjutan ‘Dari INDC Menuju NDC’, Jakarta 30 March 2016.

Directorate of Essential Ecosystem Management Development. (2019). Laporan Kinerja 2019. Jakarta: Ministry of Environment and Forestry.

Environment and Forestry Ministerial Regulation No. P.101/MENHUTII/2014 on the Implementation Guidelines for the Partial Delegation of Governmental Affairs (Deconcentration) in the Forestry Sector of the Year 2015 to the Governor as the Government Representative.

Environment and Forestry Ministerial Regulation No. P.3/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/1/2019.

Environment and Forestry Ministerial Regulation No. P.66/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12 /2017.

Environment and Forestry Ministerial Regulation No. P.66/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2017.

Environment and Forestry Ministerial Regulation No. P.67/MENLHK/ SETJEN/KUM.1/12/2017.

Environment State-Ministerial Regulation No. 29 of 2009 on the Guidelines for Biodiversity Conservation in Regional Level.

Geldmann, J., Barnes, M., Coad. L., Craigie, Ian D., Hockings M., and Burgess, Neil D. (2013). "Effectiveness of Terrestrial Protected Areas in Reducing Habitat Loss and Population Declines." Biological Conservation, 161, 230-238. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.02.018.

Government Regulation No. 108 of 2015 on the Amendment of Government Regulation No. 28 of 2011.

Government Regulation No. 28 of 2011 on the Management of Nature Reserve Area and Nature Conservation Area.

Governor Regulation of Central Java No. 24 of 2019 on the Policy and Strategy of the Management of Mangrove Ecosystems in Central Java Province.

Governor Regulation of South Sulawesi Province No. 3 of 2019 on the Protection and Management of Essential Ecosystem Area of Maros Pangkep Karst.

Governor Regulation of West Nusa Tenggara Province No. 14 of 2019 on Forest Management.

Kartodihardjo, H. “Designation and Regulation of Essential Ecosystem Areas”, in Sukara, E., Alikodra, H.S., Kartodihardjo, H., Putro, H.R., Roemantyo, R., Pindi, S. (ed). (2017). Management of Essential Ecosystem Areas - Pengelolaan Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial, USAID White Paper 1.

Kraft, M.E., and Furlong, S.R. (2013). Public Policy: Politics, Analysis, and Alternatives 4th Edition, CQ Press, United States of America.

Leawoods, H. (2000). “Gustav Radbruch: An Extraordinary Legal Philosopher," Washington University Journal of Law & Policy, 2(1), 489-515.

Minister of Finance Regulation No. 141/PMK.07/2019 on the Management of Regional Incentive Funds.

Minister of Finance Regulation No. 67/PMK.07/2020 on the Amendment of Minister of Finance Regulation No. 141/PMK.07/2019.

Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2018). Status Hutan & Kehutanan Indonesia. Jakarta: Ministry of Environment and Forestry.

Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2019). Statistik KLHK 2019. Jakarta: The Center for Data and Information Ministry of Environment and Forestry.

Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2020). Rencana Strategis KLHK Tahun 2020-2024. Jakarta: Ministry of Environment and Forestry.

Ministry of Forestry and Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. (2010). Analisis Kesenjangan Keterwakilan Ekologi Kawasan Konservasi di Indonesia, Jakarta: Ministry of Forestry and Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries.

Presidential Regulation No. 16 of 2015 on The Ministry of Environment and Forestry.

Presidential Regulation No. 18 of 2020 on National Medium Term Development Plan 2020-2024.

Presidential Regulation No. 92 of 2020 on The Ministry of Environment and Forestry.

Radiansyah, Antung D. (2019). “Optimalisasi Peran Pemda dalam Mengatasi Kendala Pelaksanaan Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati di Daerah (Studi Kasus Provinsi Bengkulu)”. Jurnal Good Governance, 15(2), 131-146.

Regulation of Directorate General of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation No. P.5/KSDAE/SET/ KUM.1/9/2017 on the Technical Guidelines for Establishing Area of High Conservation Value Outside NRA and NCA, and Hunt Parks.

Regulation of Directorate General of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation No. P.8/KSDAE/BPE2/KSA.419/2016.

Rifqi, M.A. (2014). Prosedur Konservasi in situ Orangutan di Luar Kawasan Konservasi. Bogor: Forum Orangutan Indonesia (FORINA).

Sahide, M.A.K., Fisher, M., Nasri, N., Dharmiasih, W., Verheijen, B., Maryudi, A. (2020). “Anticipating a New Conservational Bureaucracy? Land and Power in Indonesia’s Essential Ecosystem Area Policy”. Land Use Policy, 97, 1-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104789.

Sofyan, H., Pudyatmoko, S., & Imron, M. A. (2013). “Perilaku dan Jelajah Harian Orangutan Sumatera (Pongo abelli Lesson, 1827) Rehabilitan di Kawasan Cagar Alam Hutan Pinus Jantho, Aceh Besar”. Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan, 7(1), 1-11.

Turner, Will R., Brandon, K., Brooks, T.M., Gascon, C., Gibbs, H.K., Lawrence, K., Mittermeier, R.A., and Selig, Elizabeth R. "The Potential, Realised and Essential Ecosystem Service Benefits of Biodiversity Conservation," in Roe, D., Elliott, J., Sandbrook, C., and Walpole, M. (ed). (2013). Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Alleviation: Exploring the Evidence for a Link (First Edition), John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Wich, S. A., Meijaard, E., Marshall A. J., Husson, S., Ancrenaz, M., Lacy, R.C., et al. (2008). “Distribution and Conservation Status of the Orangutan (Pongo Spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: How Many Remain?”. Oryx, 42(3), 329-339. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060530800197X.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v11i1.54789

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.