Evaluating the impact of planting dates on seed cotton production across diverse cultivars under variable temperature conditions

Shefali Mozumder, F M Jamil Uddin, Md Abdur Rahman Sarkar, Md Harun Rashid, Swapan Kumar Paul, Shubroto Kumar Sarkar, Md Anowarul Haque, Md Humayun Kabir

Abstract

Cotton yield in Bangladesh is often constrained by suboptimal planting times under subtropical conditions.  The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of planting dates on seed cotton yield across four cultivars to identify the optimal timing for profitable production. A three replicated field trial was conducted at the Cotton Research Farm in Gazipur using split-plot design during the cotton growing season of 2022-23.  Four cotton cultivars: DM-3, Rupali-1, Suvra, and CB-12 were planted on five dates at ~15-day intervals from June to August (viz: 5 June, 20 June, 5 July, 20 July, and 5 August). Results showed that planting on 20 July significantly increased seed cotton yield by 2.580 t ha⁻¹ compared to 5 June, while the 5 August planting produced the lowest yield and ginning outturn (8.9%) (P < 0.01). Among cultivars, CB-12 achieved the highest yield (2.14 t ha⁻¹), followed by Rupali-1 (1.93 t ha⁻¹) and DM-3 (1.56 t ha⁻¹). Although no significant interaction was observed between planting date and cultivar, CB-12 consistently performed best on 20 July, with similar trends for the other cultivars. The study emphasizes the significance of choosing the most suitable planting dates and cultivars. Adoption of 20 July as the ideal planting date may enhance productivity, offering valuable guidance for cotton growers, researchers, and policymakers.

Keywords

Cotton productivity; Climatic conditions; Field trial; Cotton growing season; Boll retention

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abbas, G., Younis, H., Naz, S., Fatima, Z., Atique-ur-Rehman, Hussain, S., . . . Ahmad, S. (2019). Effect of Planting Dates on Agronomic Crop Production. In M. Hasanuzzaman (Ed.), Agronomic Crops: Volume 1: Production Technologies (pp. 131-147). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9151-5_8

Akhteruzzaman, M., & Islam, M. K. (2014). Influence of Sowing Time to Various Cotton Genotypes at Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. Annual Research Report 2014, Cotton Development Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh, 98-101. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1787.6486

Ali, L., Ali, M., UdDin, M., Khalid, L., Kalsoom, U., Waqar, M., . . . Sattar, M. (2015). Growth and yield of two cotton varieties as affected by various planting dates. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research, 2(8), 71-80. https://ijarm.com/pdfcopy/aug2015/ijarm10.pdf

Andarzian, B., Hoogenboom, G., Bannayan, M., Shirali, M., & Andarzian, B. (2015). Determining optimum sowing date of wheat using CSM-CERES-Wheat model. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 14(2), 189-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2014.04.004

Arshad, A., Raza, M. A., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Ahmed, M., & Habib-ur-Rehman, M. (2021). Impact of Climate Warming on Cotton Growth and Yields in China and Pakistan: A Regional Perspective. Agriculture, 11(2), 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020097

Asaduzzaman, M. (2022). Cotton Industry of Bangladesh: An Overview of Supply & Demand (Vol. 1). Department of Research, Emerging Credit Rating Limited. https://emergingrating.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Cotton_Industry_of_Bangladesh_Vol_01_Nov_2022.pdf

Attia, Z. A., Ebada, L., & Abdelmaksoud, N. M. (2021). Relationship between cotton planting date and two bollworms associated with their natural enemies. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 45(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00449-y

Bilal, A., Ahmad, A., Rasul, F., & Murtaza, G. (2019). Optimization of the sowing time for BT cotton production in Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 56(1), 95-100. https://api.pakjas.com.pk/downloadPaper/2932.pdf

CDB. (2023). Annual report 2022–23. Cotton Development Board. https://cdb.gov.bd/site/view/annual_reports/Annual-Reports

CDB. (2025). Cotton Research. Agronomy Discipline. Cotton Development Board. Agronomy Discipline. https://cdb.portal.gov.bd/site/page/6587b967-f0ec-4bd5-8006-ab05a9736ff8

Chen, J., Lv, F., Liu, J., Ma, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, B., . . . Oosterhuis, D. M. (2014). Effect of Late Planting and Shading on Cellulose Synthesis during Cotton Fiber Secondary Wall Development. PLOS ONE, 9(8), e105088. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105088

Dietz, K.-J., Zörb, C., & Geilfus, C.-M. (2021). Drought and crop yield. Plant Biology, 23(6), 881-893. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.13304

Dristy, S. A., Dhar, A. R., & Uddin, M. T. (2024). Sustainable practices for cotton production in Bangladesh: economic and environmental perspectives. Discover Agriculture, 2(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44279-024-00071-w

Fan, H., Xue, L., & Ma, H. (2024). Optimization of planting date and irrigation strategy for sustainable cotton production [Original Research]. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, Volume 8 - 2024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1431339

FAO. (1988). FAO yearbook. Production. Vol. 41. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Fatima, S. Y., Luqman, T., Hussain, S., Nadeem, S., Khan, M. K. R., Ditta, A., & Asif, M. (2025). Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship through the use of microsatellites in Gossypium hirsutum L. BMC Plant Biology, 25(1), 355. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06363-7

Fibre2Fashion. (2022). Cotton production in Bangladesh quite low despite huge demand. http://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/textile-news/cotton-production-in-bangladesh-quite-low despite-huge-demand-278906-newsdetails.htm

Godara, M., Khichar, M. L., Kamboj, M., Bharti, R. R., Neeraj, & Sharma, A. (2023). Agro-Climatic Indices, Plant Growth and Yield of Bt Cotton as Influenced by Planting Time and Spacing. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(11), 3412–3419. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113515

Guo, S., Han, Y., Wang, G., Wu, F., Jia, Y., Chen, J., . . . Feng, L. (2024). Quantifying physiological contributions to yield loss in response to planting date in short-season cotton under a cottonwheat double-cropping system. European Journal of Agronomy, 154, 127089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2024.127089

Guo, S., Liu, T., Han, Y., Wang, G., Du, W., Wu, F., . . . Feng, L. (2023). Changes in within-boll yield components explain cotton yield and quality variation across planting dates under a double cropping system of cotton-wheat. Field Crops Research, 293, 108853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2023.108853

Hu, W., Chen, M.-l., Zhao, W.-q., Chen, B.-l., Wang, Y.-h., Wang, S.-s., . . . Zhou, Z.-g. (2017). The effects of sowing date on cottonseed properties at different fruiting-branch positions. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 16(6), 1322-1330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61537-X

Huang, J. (2016). Different sowing dates affected cotton yield and yield components. International Journal of Plant Production, 10(1), 63-83. https://doi.org/10.22069/ijpp.2016.2554

Hussain, A., Sajid, M., Iqbal, D., Sarwar, M. I., Farooq, A., Siddique, A., . . . Kim, I.-S. (2022). Impact of Novel Varietal and Regional Differences on Cotton Fiber Quality Characteristics. Materials, 15(9), 3242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093242

Iqbal, J., Faheem, M., Roman, M., Magsi, S., Rauf, H., Arif, Z., . . . Tahir, M. (2023). Climate change effects on cotton planting date and planting density using modelling techniques. Pure and Applied Biology, 12(1), 732-753. https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2023.120074

Iqbal, J., Khaliq, T., Ali, B., Iqbal, J., Niaz, Y., Nadeem, M. A., . . . El Sabagh, A. (2024). Optimization of planting date and density of cotton through crop mechanistic model and field experimentation in semi-arid conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 56(4), 1451-1459. https://doi.org/10.30848/PJB2024-4(32)

Iqbal, M., Iqbal, M. M., Saghir, A., Mahmood, A., Akram, M., Husnain, H., . . . Hussain, A. (2021). Performance of early and late planting cotton genotypes under agro-ecological conditions of Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 34(3), 569. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2021/34.3.569.579

Islam, M. A., Hasan, M. A., & Farukh, M. A. (2017). Application of GIS in general soil mapping of Bangladesh. Journal of Geographic Information System, 9(5), 604-621. https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2017.95038

Istipliler, D., Ekizoğlu, M., Çakaloğulları, U., & Tatar, Ö. (2024). The Impact of Environmental Variability on Cotton Fiber Quality: A Comparative Analysis of Primary Cotton-Producing Regions in Türkiye. Agronomy, 14(6), 1276. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061276

Jamro, S. A., Ali, M. U., Buriro, M., Ahmad, M. I., Jamro, G., Khan, A., . . . Jakhro, M. (2017). Impact of various sowing dates on growth and yield parameters of different cotton varieties. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Sciences, 7(8), 135-143.

Kakar, N. U., Oad, F. C., Tunio, S., Chachar, Q.-U., & Kandhro, M. M. (2012). Response of sowing time to various cotton genotypes. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 28(3), 379-385.

Kassambara, E. M., Loison, R., Sissoko, S., Traoré, A., & Bretaudeau, A. (2024). Effects of planting date and density on cotton cultivars in sub-Saharan Africa rainfed conditions: A case study in Mali. Agronomy Journal, 116(6), 2764-2775. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21672

Khan, A., Najeeb, U., Wang, L., Tan, D. K. Y., Yang, G., Munsif, F., . . . Hafeez, A. (2017). Planting density and sowing date strongly influence growth and lint yield of cotton crops. Field Crops Research, 209, 129-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.04.019

Li, X., Lei, Y., Han, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, G., Feng, L., . . . Li, Y. (2021). The relative impacts of changes in plant density and weather on cotton yield variability. Field Crops Research, 270, 108202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108202

Liu, J., Meng, Y., Chen, J., Lv, F., Ma, Y., Chen, B., . . . Oosterhuis, D. M. (2015). Effect of late planting and shading on cotton yield and fiber quality formation. Field Crops Research, 183, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.07.008

Mitu, F. A., Ashraful, M., Kader, M. A., Talukder, F. U., Akter, T., Akter, N., . . . Singha, A. (2025). Preserving soil properties and enhancing cauliflower yield with black plastic mulch in Bangladesh. Sains Tanah Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology, 21(2), 8. https://doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v21i2.89262

Monpara, B. A., & Vaghasia, D. R. (2016). Optimizing sowing time and row spacing for summer sesame growing in semi-arid environments of India. International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review, 4(1), 122-131. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcrar.2016.401.011

Mortuza, M. G. G. (2020). Present scenario of cotton production in Bangladesh. The Asian Age. https://www.dailyasianage.com/news/221410/present-scenario-of-cotton-production-in-bangladesh

Mudassir, M. A., Rasul, F., Khaliq, T., & Yaseen, M. (2022). Conformance of sowing dates for maximizing heat use efficiency and seed cotton yield in arid to semi-arid cotton zone of Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(8), 11359-11373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16067-8

Muharam, F. M., Bronson, K. F., Maas, S. J., & Ritchie, G. L. (2014). Inter-relationships of cotton plant height, canopy width, ground cover and plant nitrogen status indicators. Field Crops Research, 169, 58-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.09.008

Najib, D. C. S., Fei, C., Dilanchiev, A., & Romaric, S. (2022). Modeling the Impact of Cotton Production on Economic Development in Benin: A Technological Innovation Perspective [Original Research]. Frontiers in Environmental Science, Volume 10 - 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.926350

Noreen, S., Ahmad, S., Fatima, Z., Zakir, I., Iqbal, P., Nahar, K., & Hasanuzzaman, M. (2020). Abiotic Stresses Mediated Changes in Morphophysiology of Cotton Plant. In S. Ahmad & M. Hasanuzzaman (Eds.), Cotton Production and Uses: Agronomy, Crop Protection, and Postharvest Technologies (pp. 341-366). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1472-2_18

Pettigrew, W. T. (2002). Improved Yield Potential with an Early Planting Cotton Production System. Agronomy Journal, 94(5), 997-1003. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.9970

Reddy, K. R., Brand, D., Wijewardana, C., & Gao, W. (2017). Temperature Effects on Cotton Seedling Emergence, Growth, and Development. Agronomy Journal, 109(4), 1379-1387. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.07.0439

Rehman, A., & Farooq, M. (2019). Morphology, Physiology and Ecology of Cotton. In Cotton Production (pp. 23-46). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119385523.ch2

Ripoche, A., Crétenet, M., Corbeels, M., Affholder, F., Naudin, K., Sissoko, F., . . . Tittonell, P. (2015). Cotton as an entry point for soil fertility maintenance and food crop productivity in savannah agroecosystems–Evidence from a long-term experiment in southern Mali. Field Crops Research, 177, 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.02.013

Rizzo, G., Monzon, J. P., Tenorio, F. A., Howard, R., Cassman, K. G., & Grassini, P. (2022). Climate and agronomy, not genetics, underpin recent maize yield gains in favorable environments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(4), e2113629119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2113629119

Saeed, N. A., Ahmad, M., & Mukhtar, Z. (2021). GM Cotton for Stress Environments. In M.-u. Rahman, Y. Zafar, & T. Zhang (Eds.), Cotton Precision Breeding (pp. 257-280). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64504-5_11

Salih, R. F. (2019). Effect of sowing dates and varieties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) on growth and yield parameters. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 31(3), 64-70. https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/issue/view/60/24

Sankaranarayanan, K., Prakash, A. H., & Rajendran, K. (2020). Effect of sowing time on productivity of Bt and non Bt cotton under climate change. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(1), 146. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00400-1

Shah, M. A., Farooq, M., Shahzad, M., Khan, M. B., & Hussain, M. (2017). Yield and phenological responses of BT cotton to different sowing dates in semi-arid climate. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54(2). https://api.pakjas.com.pk/downloadPaper/2695.pdf

Shah, T., Kalsoom, M., Eifediye, K., & Khan, H. (2017). Yield and quality characters of cotton varieties response to different plant spacing. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 6(1), 113-118. https://www.curresweb.com/mejar/mejar/2017/113-118.pdf

Singh, K., Singh, H. P., & Mishra, S. K. (2020). Irrigation Module and Sowing Date Affect Seed Cotton Yield, Quality, Productivity Indices, and Economics of Cotton in North-western India. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 51(7), 919-931. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2020.1744633

Singh, M., Sidhu, H. S., Mahal, J. S., Manes, G. S., Jat, M. L., Mahal, A. K., . . . Singh, Y. (2017). Relay sowing of wheat in the cotton–wheat cropping system in North-West India: technical and economic aspects. Experimental Agriculture, 53(4), 539-552. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479716000569

Srivastava, R. K., Mequanint, F., Chakraborty, A., Panda, R. K., & Halder, D. (2022). Augmentation of maize yield by strategic adaptation to cope with climate change for a future period in Eastern India. Journal of Cleaner Production, 339, 130599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130599

Sui, L., Tian, J., Yao, H., Zhang, P., Liang, F., Wang, J., & Zhang, W. (2018). Effects of different sowing dates on emergence rates and seedling growth of cotton under mulched drip irrigation in Xinjiang. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 51(21), 4040–4051. http://journals.caass.org.cn/zgnykx/EN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.21.004

Tabib, M. F. A. I. (2023). Ecology and economics of cotton in Bangladesh. Textile today https://www.textiletoday.com.bd/ecology-economics-cotton-bangladesh

The Business Standard. (2022). Bangladesh targets to increase cotton production five folds by 2030. https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/bangladesh-targets-increase-cotton-production-five-folds-2030-533194

Tlatlaa, J. S., Tryphone, G. M., & Nassary, E. K. (2024). Impact of sowing date and level of phosphorus application on economic returns in cotton [Original Research]. Frontiers in Plant Science, Volume 15 - 2024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1402731

Tokel, D., Dogan, I., Hocaoglu-Ozyigit, A., & Ozyigit, I. I. (2022). Cotton Agriculture in Turkey and Worldwide Economic Impacts of Turkish Cotton. Journal of Natural Fibers, 19(15), 10648-10667. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2021.2002759

Ul-Allah, S., Rehman, A., Hussain, M., & Farooq, M. (2021). Fiber yield and quality in cotton under drought: Effects and management. Agricultural Water Management, 255, 106994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106994

Ullah, K., Khan, N., Usman, Z., Ullah, R., Saleem, F. Y., Shah, S. A. I., & Salman, M. (2016). Impact of temperature on yield and related traits in cotton genotypes. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15(3), 678-683. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(15)61088-7

Wu, F., Guo, S., Huang, W., Han, Y., Wang, Z., Feng, L., . . . Li, Y. (2023). Adaptation of cotton production to climate change by sowing date optimization and precision resource management. Industrial Crops and Products, 203, 117167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117167

Wu, F., Qiu, Y., Huang, W., Guo, S., Han, Y., Wang, G., . . . Li, Y. (2022). Water and heat resource utilization of cotton under different cropping patterns and their effects on crop biomass and yield formation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 323, 109091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109091

Wumbei, A. (2014). The effect of date of planting on the performance of promising cotton varieties. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 4(4), 1-9. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/view/11186

Yang, G.-z., Luo, X.-j., Nie, Y.-c., & Zhang, X.-l. (2014). Effects of Plant Density on Yield and Canopy Micro Environment in Hybrid Cotton. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 13(10), 2154-2163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60727-3

Zhou, Y., Li, F., Xin, Q., Li, Y., & Lin, Z. (2024). Historical variability of cotton yield and response to climate and agronomic management in Xinjiang, China. Science of The Total Environment, 912, 169327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169327

Zimmermann, A., Webber, H., Zhao, G., Ewert, F., Kros, J., Wolf, J., . . . de Vries, W. (2017). Climate change impacts on crop yields, land use and environment in response to crop sowing dates and thermal time requirements. Agricultural Systems, 157, 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.07.007

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v22i2.93612

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.