1. Duties of Editors

1. Publication Decisions. Editors are responsible for making publication decisions based on the quality, originality, scholarly contribution, methodological appropriateness, relevance to the journal’s focus and scope, and ethical integrity of the manuscript. Editors should consider the reviewers’ recommendations but remain responsible for the final editorial decision. Editors may consult with other editors or reviewers when necessary. Editors must ensure that published content meets appropriate academic and ethical standards and contributes to maintaining the integrity of the scholarly record.

2. Review of Manuscripts. Editors are responsible for managing the peer review process in a fair, objective, and appropriate manner. Manuscripts should be evaluated initially for their alignment with the journal’s focus and scope, submission requirements, and publication ethics. Editors should select reviewers with relevant expertise and should avoid assigning manuscripts to reviewers who have conflicts of interest. Editors should provide reviewers with appropriate guidance and ensure that the peer review process is conducted consistently with the journal’s stated policies.

3. Fair Play. Editors must evaluate manuscripts based on their academic and scholarly merits and must not discriminate against authors on the basis of gender, sex, race, religion, nationality, institutional affiliation, or other personal characteristics. Editorial decisions should be fair, impartial, and independent of personal or external interests.

4. Confidentiality. Editors must maintain the confidentiality of submitted manuscripts and information obtained during the editorial and peer review process. Such information must not be disclosed to anyone other than the authors, reviewers, editorial staff, or other individuals involved in the editorial process as appropriate. Editors must also protect personal and sensitive information contained in manuscripts, including information relating to research participants, interviewees, students, or other individuals involved in the research.

5. Disclosure and Conflicts of Interest. Editors must not use unpublished information from submitted manuscripts for their own research or personal benefit without the authors’ permission. Editors must recuse themselves from handling manuscripts in which they have a conflict of interest. Manuscripts submitted by editors or members of the editorial team must be handled by an independent editor to ensure a fair, impartial, and independent review and decision-making process.

2. Duties of Reviewers

1. Confidentiality. Reviewers must keep all information about manuscripts submitted by authors confidential. Manuscripts and their contents must not be shared with or discussed with anyone outside the review process unless explicitly authorized by the editor. Reviewers must also protect any personal or sensitive information contained in the manuscript, including information relating to research participants, interviewees, students, or other individuals involved in the research.

2. Acknowledgement of Sources. Reviewers must check that authors properly credit all sources, evidence, and previous scholarship used in the study. They should point out important previous studies that the authors did not cite. If an idea, result, or argument has already been published before, the reviewer should make sure a correct reference is included. Reviewers must inform the journal right away if they find any problems, such as ethical concerns, strong similarity with another paper, or signs of possible misconduct in the research or writing process. However, reviewers must keep these concerns private and must not investigate the issue on their own unless the journal asks them to do so.

3. Standards of Objectivity. Reviewers must evaluate manuscripts in a fair and objective way. They should clearly explain their opinions and support them with logical reasons. Reviewers must follow the journal’s instructions about what kind of feedback they should give, unless there is a strong reason not to. Reviews should be helpful and constructive, with comments that guide authors on how to improve their paper. Reviewers should also clearly state which additional evidence, analysis, sources, or revisions are necessary to support the paper’s main claims and which suggestions are only meant to improve or expand the study.

4. Disclosure and Conflict of Interest. Any confidential information or ideas learned during peer review must be kept private and must not be used for personal benefit. Reviewers must not review a manuscript if they have a conflict of interest because of competition, collaboration, or any personal or professional relationship with the authors, companies, or institutions related to the paper. If a reviewer identifies or suspects the identity of an author and believes that this may create a conflict of interest, the reviewer should immediately inform the editor.

5. Promptness. Reviewers should complete their reviews within a reasonable time. They should only accept a review request if they believe they can finish it by the agreed deadline. If they need more time, they must inform the journal as soon as possible. If a reviewer realizes that they cannot finish the review within the given time, they must tell the editor immediately so the manuscript can be assigned to another reviewer.

3. Duties of Authors

1. Reporting Standards. Authors must report their research truthfully and clearly, and explain its importance in an objective way. Research results must be presented honestly, without making up data, changing data improperly, or hiding important findings. A manuscript should include enough detail and references so that other researchers can understand, evaluate, and, where appropriate, verify the research process and evidence. Any false or intentionally misleading statements are considered unethical and will not be accepted. Authors must also make sure their manuscript follows all submission rules and guidelines of the journal.

2. Originality and Plagiarism. Authors must make sure that their paper is completely original. The manuscript must not be sent to more than one journal at the same time, unless the editors have clearly agreed to publish it together. All relevant earlier studies must be properly recognized and cited, including the authors’ own previous work and the work of other researchers. If authors use the exact words from another publication, those words must be placed in quotation marks and followed by the correct citation.

3. Multiple, Redundant, or Concurrent Publications. Authors should not send the same manuscript to more than one journal at the same time. They should also avoid publishing more than one paper that reports the same study or very similar results in different journals. Submitting the same paper to multiple journals at once is considered unethical and is not allowed. Authors should disclose substantial overlap with other manuscripts or publications arising from the same research project and appropriately cite related publications.

4. Acknowledgement of Sources. Authors must clearly mention all data sources used in their research and cite any studies that influenced their work. The contributions of other researchers must always be properly recognized and referenced.

5. Integrity and Responsible Use of Historical Sources. Authors must accurately identify, cite, and represent the historical sources used in their research. Primary and secondary sources should be presented and interpreted in their appropriate historical context. Authors must not fabricate, falsify, selectively manipulate, or intentionally misrepresent historical evidence. When using archival materials, newspapers, oral histories, photographs, museum collections, or other primary sources, authors should provide sufficient information to enable readers to identify and, where possible, locate the sources.

6. Authorship of the Paper. Authorship should accurately reflect substantial contributions to the research and manuscript. Only individuals who have made significant contributions to the conception, research, analysis, interpretation, or writing of the manuscript should be listed as authors. All authors must approve the final version of the manuscript and agree to be accountable for its content. Individuals who provide limited or technical assistance should be acknowledged rather than listed as authors.

7. Disclosure and Conflicts of Interest. All authors must openly state in their manuscript any financial or other important conflicts of interest that could affect the results or how the findings are interpreted. They must also clearly report all sources of funding or financial support for the study.

8. Fundamental Errors in Published Works. If authors find a serious mistake or incorrect information in their submitted paper, they must inform the journal editor or publisher as soon as possible and work together with them to correct or withdraw the paper.

9. Ethical Considerations in Research Involving Human Participants. Authors conducting research involving human participants, including interviews, observations, surveys, or educational activities, must comply with applicable ethical standards and institutional requirements. Where required, authors must obtain ethical approval or institutional permission before conducting the research. Participants must be adequately informed about the purpose and procedures of the research and provide informed consent where appropriate. Authors must protect participants’ privacy and confidentiality and take particular care when research involves minors or other vulnerable participants.

Authors are responsible for checking their manuscripts for plagiarism and textual similarity before submission. All authors must use Turnitin to check their manuscripts and upload the Turnitin similarity report as part of the submission requirements. The similarity score should not exceed 30%. Authors are expected to review the similarity report carefully and ensure that all similarities are appropriately cited or otherwise justified. A similarity score is not, by itself, considered proof of plagiarism. The editorial team may conduct additional checks if plagiarism or inappropriate textual reuse is suspected during the editorial and peer review process.

Plagiarism is not permitted in CANDI. Plagiarism includes using another person's words, ideas, data, images, or other materials without appropriate acknowledgement and citation. Self-plagiarism or substantial reuse of an author's previously published work without proper disclosure and citation is also considered unacceptable. Authors must properly acknowledge and cite all sources used in their manuscripts. Direct quotations must be clearly identified and appropriately referenced. Authors are responsible for ensuring that their manuscripts are original and that all sources and materials used in their work are properly acknowledged.

If plagiarism is identified before or after publication, CANDI will investigate the case in accordance with its Allegations of Research Misconduct policy and relevant guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Depending on the nature and severity of the case, the manuscript may be rejected or a published article may be corrected or retracted.

CANDI welcomes constructive post-publication discussion and feedback on published articles to support scholarly dialogue and the integrity of the academic record. Readers and authors may submit comments, questions, or concerns regarding published articles. Such communications should be evidence-based, respectful, and relevant to the published work. Where appropriate, the editors may invite the authors of the article to respond.

CANDI is committed to maintaining the accuracy and integrity of the published scholarly record. Post-publication corrections and retractions are handled carefully and transparently in accordance with relevant COPE guidelines.

Corrections may be issued when an error or omission in a published article affects its accuracy, clarity, or interpretation but does not invalidate the main findings or conclusions. Corrections will clearly describe the changes made and will be permanently linked to the original article.

Retractions may be issued when serious errors or ethical violations substantially compromise the validity, reliability, or integrity of a published article. Grounds for retraction may include fabrication or falsification of research or historical evidence, plagiarism, duplicate publication, serious methodological errors, or other forms of research misconduct. Retraction notices will be clearly linked to the original article and will state the reason for the retraction. The original article will remain part of the published record and will be clearly identified as retracted.

When serious concerns arise but an investigation has not yet reached a conclusion, CANDI may issue an Expression of Concern to alert readers while the matter is being investigated. Appropriate corrective action, including a correction or retraction, may be taken once the investigation is concluded.

CANDI supports the dissemination and wider accessibility of scholarly work. Authors are permitted to deposit versions of their manuscripts in institutional repositories, disciplinary repositories, or other appropriate open repositories, subject to the following conditions.

1. Pre-Prints. Authors may deposit the pre-print version of their manuscript in a repository at any time. The pre-print should clearly indicate that it is a manuscript submitted to CANDI and has not undergone peer review or been formally accepted for publication.

2. Accepted Manuscripts. Authors may deposit the accepted manuscript version, which has undergone peer review but has not yet been formatted and published by CANDI, in an institutional or disciplinary repository. The deposited version should include a statement acknowledging its publication in CANDI once the article has been formally published, together with a link to the published article where available.

3. Published Version. Authors may deposit or share the published version of their article in repositories, provided that such use complies with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The deposited published version should retain the article's complete bibliographic information and include a link to the article on the CANDI website or its DOI, where available.

4. Licensing and Attribution. All deposited versions must be presented accurately and must not misrepresent the publication status or version of the manuscript. The applicable licensing terms must be respected, including the requirements for attribution, non-commercial use, and restrictions on the creation and distribution of derivative works for articles published under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Authors are encouraged to provide a link to the final published version on the CANDI website whenever possible.

CANDI is owned, published, and managed by the History Education Study Program (Program Studi S-1 Pendidikan Sejarah) Faculty of Teacher Training and Education (Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, FKIP), Universitas Sebelas Maret (UNS), Surakarta, Indonesia. The journal is managed by an editorial team appointed by the Study Program. The Editor-in-Chief and editorial team are responsible for the journal's editorial operations, including manuscript screening, peer review, editorial decision-making, and publication management. CANDI maintains editorial independence in the evaluation and publication of manuscripts. Editorial decisions are based on scholarly considerations, including the quality, originality, relevance, methodological appropriateness, and ethical integrity of the submitted work. The journal's editorial decisions are not influenced by commercial interests, institutional affiliations, or other external parties. The ownership and management structure of CANDI is intended to ensure accountable, transparent, and sustainable journal governance while maintaining the integrity and independence of the editorial process.