Fostering Students' Independent Learning in Introduction to Learning Media Courses through the Use of Interactive Multimedia

Hirnanda Dimas Pradana, Andi Kristanto

Abstract

The current era is entering a fast-paced and uncertain period. In that era, it has a significant impact on learning. One of the impacts is online learning. However, online learning raises various kinds of problems in its implementation. Student learning independence is one of the problems that arise and must be resolved immediately. If student learning independence cannot be appropriately handled, learning outcomes will also be affected. From the observations, independent learning in students also causes low learning outcomes obtained. Thus, interactive multimedia is here to solve the problem of independent learning in students. Interactive multimedia can help students to learn independently. Interactive multimedia does not only act as a passive means of knowledge but also can be a solution for students to understand introductory learning media courses. The development model used was the Lee & Owens model. The research design in this study was a one-group pretest-posttest design. The results of this study were valid and effective interactive multimedia products and increased student independence. The implication of improving student learning independence ultimately impacts increasing student learning outcomes.  

Keywords

Interactive Multimedia, Independent Learning, Introduction to Learning Media

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abdulah, Abdulah, Ali Mustadi, and Windi Fitriani. 2021. “PBL-Based Interactive Multimedia in Improving Critical Thinking Skills.” JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia) 10(1). doi: 10.23887/jpi-undiksha.v10i1.25521.

Ahmad, Noor Aini. 2020. "Learning Reading Skills Independently Using Interactive Multimedia." Universal Journal of Educational Research 8(6). doi: 10.13189/ujer.2020.080647.

Ait Si Ahmad, Hana, Khadija El Kharki, and Khalid Berrada. 2021. "Agility of the Post COVID-19 Strategic Plan on Distance Learning at Cadi Ayyad University. An Opportunity Towards a Total Digital Transformation of the University." in Communications in Computer and Information Science. Vol. 1344.

AlKhamaiseh, Omar Soud. 2021. "The Role of Educational Counselors in Developing Students' Acceptance of Online Learning during COVID 19 Pandemic in Jordan: Educational Counselors and Students' Acceptance of Online Learning." Journal of Educational and Social Research 11(3):20. doi: 10.36941/jesr-2021-0048.

Andini, Arundina, Sulton Sulton, and Yerry Soepriyanto. 2019. “Pengembangan Screencast Untuk Belajar Software Animasi 3D.” JKTP: Jurnal Kajian Teknologi Pendidikan 2(4). doi: 10.17977/um038v2i42019p297.

Aprianto, Muhamad, Saida Ulfa, and Arafah Husna. 2021. “Pengembangan Multimedia Interaktif Mobile Learning Pengurusan Jenazah.” JKTP: Jurnal Kajian Teknologi Pendidikan 4(1). doi: 10.17977/um038v4i12021p023.

Arifa, Fieka Nurul. 2020. “Tantangan Pelaksanaan Kebijakan Belajar Dari Rumah Dalam Masa Darurat Covid-19.” Info Singkat;Kajian Singkat Terhadap Isu Aktual Dan Strategis XII(7/I):13–18.

Aristovnik, Aleksander, Damijana Keržič, Dejan Ravšelj, Nina Tomaževič, and Lan Umek. 2020. "Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life of Higher Education Students: A Global Perspective." Sustainability (Switzerland) 12(20). doi: 10.3390/su12208438.

Armansyah, Firdausy, Sulton Sulton, and Sulthoni Sulthoni. 2019. “MULTIMEDIA INTERAKTIF SEBAGAI MEDIA VISUALISASI DASAR-DASAR ANIMASI.” Jurnal Kajian Teknologi Pendidikan. doi: 10.17977/um038v2i32019p224.

Astuti, Aprilia Dewi, and Dedi Prestiadi. 2020. “Efektivitas Penggunaan Media Belajar Dengan Sistem Daring.” Prosiding Web-Seminar Nasional (Webinar) “Prospek Pendidikan Nasional Pasca Pandemi Covid-19” Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan – Universitas Negeri Malang 129–35.

Baquier Orozco, Rogelio, Ramón Iván Barraza Castillo, and Silvia Husted Ramos. 2020. “Neoaltar: An Interactive Multimedia Day of the Dead Experience.” Heliyon 6(2). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03339.

Chick, Robert Connor, Guy Travis Clifton, Kaitlin M. Peace, Brandon W. Propper, Diane F. Hale, Adnan A. Alseidi, and Timothy J. Vreeland. 2020. "Using Technology to Maintain the Education of Residents During the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Surgical Education 77(4). doi: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.03.018.

Ede, Jeffrey M., and Richard Beanland. 2020. "Adaptive Learning Rate Clipping Stabilizes Learning." Machine Learning: Science and Technology 1(1):15011. doi: 10.1088/2632-2153/AB81E2.

Ekowati, Christine K., Damianus D. Samo, and Kristian Tay Nggeni Njuka. 2021. “Pengaruh Kecemasan, Kesulitan Belajar, Dan Motivasi Belajar Terhadap Hasil Matematika Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 8 Kupang.” Haumeni Journal of Education 1(1):31–38.

Erni, Sukma, Rian Vebrianto, Cut Raudhatul Miski, Zubaidah Amir MZ, Martius, and Musa Thahir. 2020. “Refleksi Proses Pembelajaran Guru MTs Dimasa Pendemi Covid 19 Di Pekanbaru : Dampak Dan Solusi.” Journal of Education and Learning 1(1):1–10.

Faqih, Ahmad, and Fidya Arie Pratama. 2019. “Pengembangan Adaptive Learning Berbasis Multimedia 3D Materi Sistem Bilangan Real.” Prosiding Seminar Nasional Unimus 2(0).

Fatin Shamimi Che Ibrahim, Nur, Nur Farahkhanna Mohd Rusli, Mohd Ra, in Shaari, Kesavan Nallaluthan, Fakulti Bahasa dan Komunikasi, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, and Fakulti Pengurusan dan Ekonomi. 2021. “Persepsi Pelajar Terhadap Aplikasi Multimedia Interaktif Dalam Proses Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran Abad Ke-21 Students’ Perceptions of Interactive Multimedia Applications in the 21st Century Teaching and Learning Process.” ONLINE JOURNAL FOR TVET PRACTITIONERS 6(1).

Fitriyani, Yani, Irfan Fauzi, and Mia Zultrianti Sari. 2020. “Motivasi Belajar Mahasiswa Pada Pembelajaran Daring Selama Pandemik Covid-19.” Profesi Pendidikan Dasar 7(1):121–32. doi: 10.23917/ppd.v7i1.10973.

Fuady, Ikhsan, Moch. Armien Syifaa Sutarjo, and Erna Ernawati. 2021. "Analysis of Students' Perceptions of Online Learning Media During the Covid-19 Pandemic (Study of E-Learning Media: Zoom, Google Meet, Google Classroom, and LMS)." Randwick International of Social Science Journal 2(1). doi: 10.47175/rissj.v2i1.177.

Gunawan, Gunawan, Ratna A. Mashami, and Lovy Herayanti. 2020. "Gender Description on Problem-Solving Skills in Chemistry Learning Using Interactive Multimedia." Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists 8(1). doi: 10.17478/jegys.627095.

Himanen, Lauri, Marc O. J. Jäger, Eiaki V. Morooka, Filippo Federici Canova, Yashasvi S. Ranawat, David Z. Gao, Patrick Rinke, and Adam S. Foster. 2020. "DScribe: Library of Descriptors for Machine Learning in Materials Science." Computer Physics Communications 247. doi: 10.1016/j.cpc.2019.106949.

Indah Septiani, An nisa Nur Sholihah, Indah Septiani, Triana Rejekiningsih, Triyanto, and Rusnaini. 2020. "Development of Interactive Multimedia Learning Courseware to Strengthen Students' Character." European Journal of Educational Research 9(3). doi: 10.12973/eu-jer.9.3.1267.

Irwanto, Anip Dwi Saputro, Eli Rohaeti, and Anti Kolonial Prodjosantoso. 2019. "Using Inquiry-Based Laboratory Instruction to Improve Critical Thinking and Scientific Process Skills among Preservice Elementary Teachers." Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 2019(80). doi: 10.14689/ejer.2019.80.8.

Isnaeni, Indri, and Yuli Agustina. 2018. "AN INCREASE IN LEARNING OUTCOME STUDENTS IS THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHIVE E-MODULE BASED ON THE FLIPBOOK WITH DISCOVERY LEARNING MODEL." Jurnal Pendidikan Bisnis Dan Manajemen 4(3). doi: 10.17977/um003v4i32018p125.

Kapasia, Nanigopal, Pintu Paul, Avijit Roy, Jay Saha, Ankita Zaveri, Rahul Mallick, Bikash Barman, Prabir Das, and Pradip Chouhan. 2020. "Impact of Lockdown on Learning Status of Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students during COVID-19 Pandemic in West Bengal, India." Children and Youth Services Review 116. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105194.

Karademir, Tuğra, Ayfer Alper, A. Fulya Soğuksu, and Z. Canan Karababa. 2021. "The Development and Evaluation of Self-Directed Digital Learning Material Development Platform for Foreign Language Education." Interactive Learning Environments 29(4). doi: 10.1080/10494820.2019.1593199.

Khairini, Khairini, Ibnu Khaldun, and Andi Ulfa Tenri Pada. 2021. "The Effect of Student Worksheets Through the Edmodo Network on Concept Understanding and Independent Learning on Hydrocarbon Materials." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 7(3). doi: 10.29303/jppipa.v7i3.701.

Kristanto, Andi, Sulistiowati, and Hirnanda Dimas Pradana. 2021. "Brain-Based Online Learning Design in The Disruptive Era for Students in University." Journal of Educational and Social Research 11(6):277. doi: 10.36941/jesr-2021-0147.

Lindner, Marlit Annalena, Alexander Eitel, Julia Barenthien, and Olaf Köller. 2021. "An Integrative Study on Learning and Testing with Multimedia: Effects on Students' Performance and Metacognition." Learning and Instruction 71. doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.01.002.

Maknuni, Jauhari. 2020. “Pengaruh Media Belajar Smartphone Terhadap Belajar Siswa Di Era Pandemi Covid-19 (The Influence of Smartphone Learning Media on Student Learning in The Era Pandemi Covid-19).” Indonesian Education Administration and Leadership Journal (IDEAL) 02(02).

Manurung, Sondang R., and Deo Demonta Panggabean. 2020. "Improving Students' Thinking Ability in Physics Using Interactive Multimedia Based Problem Solving." Cakrawala Pendidikan 39(2). doi: 10.21831/cp.v39i2.28205.

Mariono, Andi, Bachtiar Syaiful Bachri, Andi Kristanto, Utari Dewi, Alim Sumarno, Citra Fitri Kholidya, and Hirnanda Dimas Pradana. 2021. “Online Learning in Digital Innovations.” Journal of Education Technology 5(4):547–55. doi: 10.23887/JET.V5I4.40115.

Molina, Ana Isabel, Óscar Navarro, Manuel Ortega, and Miguel Lacruz. 2018. "Evaluating Multimedia Learning Materials in Primary Education Using Eye Tracking." Computer Standards & Interfaces 59:45–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2018.02.004.

Mualimah, Ana, Henry Praherdhiono, and Eka Adi. 2019. “PENGEMBANGAN KUIS INTERAKTIF NAHWU SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN DRILL AND PRACTICE PADA PEMBELAJARAN NAHWU DI PONDOK PESANTREN SALAFIYAH PUTRI AL-ISHLAHIYAH MALANG.” Jurnal Kajian Teknologi Pendidikan. doi: 10.17977/um038v2i32019p203.

Nadirah, Andi Asrifan, KJ Vargheese, and Haedar. 2020. "Interactive Multimedia In EFL Classroom: A Study Of Teaching Reading Comprehension At Junior High School In Indonesia." Journal of Advanced English Studies 3(2).

Nikolawatin, Zaubaidah, Punaji Setyosari, and Saida Ulfa. 2019. “PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA TUTORIAL BAHASA ISYARAT UNTUK SISWA TUNARUNGU SLB BC KEPANJEN.” JINOTEP (Jurnal Inovasi Dan Teknologi Pembelajaran) Kajian Dan Riset Dalam Teknologi Pembelajaran 6(1). doi: 10.17977/um031v6i12019p015.

Novianto, Lukman Arief, I. Nyoman Sudana Degeng, and Agus Wedi. 2018. “Pengembangan Multimedia Interaktif Mata Pelajaran IPA Pokok Bahasan Sistem Peredaran Darah Manusia Untuk Kelas VIII SMP Wahid Hasyim Malang.” Jurnal Kurikulum Teknologi Pendidikan (JKTP) Universitas Negeri Malang 1(3):257–63.

Nurtanto, Muhammad, Herminarto Sofyan, and Pardjono Pardjono. 2021. "E-Learning Based Autocad 3d Interactive Multimedia on Vocational Education (Ve) Learning." Journal of Engineering Education Transformations 34(4). doi: 10.16920/jeet/2021/v34i4/155014.

Nyeneng, I. Dewa Putu, Undang Rosidin, and Ni Luh Putu Suwartika Eka Putri. 2020. "Development of Assessment Instruments Assisted by Schoology to Student's Learning Outcomes in Newton Law Materials." Jurnal Pembelajaran Fisika (JPF) 8(1).

Oktaviana, Merinda, Murni Sapta Sari, and Sunarmi Sunarmi. 2020. "The Development of Interactive Multimedia Mobile Learning about Bacterial Topic to Train the Students' Ability of Science Literacy." Journal of Disruptive Learning Innovation (JODLI) 2(1). doi: 10.17977/um072v2i12020p45-54.

Pamungkas, Satriyo, and Ulul Azmi. 2021. “Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Permainan Ular Tangga Edukatif Dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah Indonesia Masa Kolonialisme Dan Imperialisme Bangsa Eropa.” Jurnal Ilmiah Dikdaya 11(1):137–44. doi: 10.33087/DIKDAYA.V11I1.208.

Prabowo, Satrio Agung, Sumarmi Sumarmi, and Cholis Sa’dijah. 2019. “Pengembangan Multimedia Interaktif Aksara Jawa Untuk Sekolah Dasar.” Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, Dan Pengembangan 4(8). doi: 10.17977/jptpp.v4i8.12653.

Pradana, Hirnanda Dimas. 2021. “Interactive Multimedia Based on Mobile Device for Primary School Students.” Madrasah: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Dasar 14(1):71–78. doi: 10.18860/mad.v14i1.12627.

Pradana, Hirnanda Dimas, and Dedi Kuswandi. 2018. "Augmented Reality Learning Materials for Motion Picture Making Subject." 6(3):108–14.

Praheto, Biya Ebi, Andayani, Muhammad Rohmadi, and Nugraheni Eko Wardani. 2020. "The Effectiveness of Interactive Multimedia in Learning Indonesian Language Skills in Higher Education." Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 12(1). doi: 10.21659/rupkatha.v12n1.34.

Purwitaningrum, Rahmi, and Rully Charitas Indra Prahmana. 2021. "Developing Instructional Materials on Mathematics Logical Thinking through the Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education Approach." International Journal of Education and Learning 3(1):13–19. doi: 10.31763/ijele.v3i1.178.

Putri H., Radisya Eka, and Tine Agustin Wulandari. 2021. “PEMANFAATAN APLIKASI ZOOM CLOUD MEETING SEBAGAI MEDIA E-LEARNING DALAM MENCAPAI PEMAHAMAN MAHASISWA DI TENGAH PANDEMI COVID-19.” Jurnal Common 4(2). doi: 10.34010/common.v4i2.4436.

Rahardjo, Tommy, Nyoman Degeng, and Yerry Soepriyanto. 2019. “PENGEMBANGAN MULTIMEDIA INTERAKTIF MOBILE LEARNING BERBASIS ANRDROID AKSARA JAWA KELAS X SMK NEGERI 5 MALANG.” Jurnal Kajian Teknologi Pendidikan. doi: 10.17977/um038v2i32019p195.

Riznyk, Nadya. 2021. "Use of Multimedia Technologies during Distance Learning in Higher Education Institutions." University Economic Bulletin (50). doi: 10.31470/2306-546x-2021-50-12-17.

Rodiyah, Rodiyah. 2021. “Implementasi Program Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka Di Era Digital Dalam Menciptakan Karakter Mahasiswa Hukum Yang Berkarakter Dan Profesional.” Seminar Nasional Hukum Universitas Negeri Semarang 7(2):425–34. doi: 10.15294/SNHUNNES.V7I2.737.

Rosalina, Sevie Safitri, and Andi Suhardi. 2020. "NEED ANALYSIS OF INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA DEVELOPMENT WITH CONTEXTUAL APPROACH ON POLLUTION MATERIAL." INSECTA: Integrative Science Education and Teaching Activity Journal 1(1). doi: 10.21154/insecta.v1i1.2107.

Sadikin, Ali, and Afreni Hamidah. 2020. “Pembelajaran Daring Di Tengah Wabah Covid-19.” Biodik 6(2):109–19. doi: 10.22437/bio.v6i2.9759.

Saifudin, Muhammad, Susilaningsih Susilaningsih, and Agus Wedi. 2020. “Pengembangan Multimedia Interaktif Materi Sumber Energi Untuk Memudahkan Belajar Siswa SD.” JKTP: Jurnal Kajian Teknologi Pendidikan 3(1):68–77. doi: 10.17977/um038v3i12019p068.

Shelle, Gwyn, Dawn Earnesty, Alan Pilkenton, and Erin Powell. 2018. "Adaptive Learning: An Innovative Method for Online Teaching and Learning." Journal of Extension 56(5).

Shirazi, Fatemeh, and Shiva Heidari. 2019. "The Relationship between Critical Thinking Skills and Learning Styles and Academic Achievement of Nursing Students." Journal of Nursing Research 27(4). doi: 10.1097/jnr.0000000000000307.

Sintya, Yuke Rindayu, Eddy Sutadji, and Ery Tri Djatmika. 2020. “Pengembangan Multimedia Interaktif Pada Pembelajaran Tematik Kelas V Sekolah Dasar.” Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, Dan Pengembangan 5(8). doi: 10.17977/jptpp.v5i8.13905.

Suhairi, Muhammad, Moch Asmawi, James Tangkudung, Achmad Sofyan Hanif, and Firmansyah Dlis. 2020. "Development of SMASH Skills Training Model on Volleyball Based on Interactive Multimedia." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies 14(6). doi: 10.3991/IJIM.V14I06.13405.

Sumbawati, Meini Sondang, Munoto, Ismet Basuki, Euis Ismayati, and Tri Rijanto. 2020. “Student Learning Independence in Online Learning Depends on Motivation.”

Suryanto, Suryanto, Sunda Ariana, and Syahril Rizal. 2020. “Pengembangan Sistem Pembelajaran Berbasis Multimedia.” Jurnal Nasional Ilmu Komputer 1(1). doi: 10.47747/jnik.v1i1.59.

Syafti, Nadya Khairiyah, and Linda Advinda. 2021. "Development Of Interactive Multimedia Learning Of Human Digestive Systems And Additive Materials And Addictive Based Scientific Approach For Class VIII SMPN 1 Kec. Mungka." International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT 24(2).

Syawaludin, Ahmad, Gunarhadi, and Peduk Rintayati. 2019. "Development of Augmented Reality-Based Interactive Multimedia to Improve Critical Thinking Skills in Science Learning." International Journal of Instruction 12(4). doi: 10.29333/iji.2019.12421a.

Tambunan, Sri Ana. 2021. “ANALISA KEBUTUHAN PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN PADA MATA PELAJARAN KONSTRUKSI DAN UTILITAS GEDUNG DI KELAS DESAIN PERMODELAN DAN INFORMASI BANGUNAN SMK NEGERI 1 PERCUT SEI TUAN.” Jurnal Pendidikan Teknik Sipil 3(1):23–27. doi: 10.21831/JPTS.V3I1.41883.

Trechsel, Lilian Julia, Anne Barbara Zimmermann, Camilla Steinböck, Thomas Breu, Karl Herweg, and Susan Thieme. 2021. "Safe Spaces for Disruptive Learning in a North–South Research Partnership Context: International Mobility of Doctoral Students." Sustainability (Switzerland) 13(4). doi: 10.3390/su13042413.

Untari, Rahmania Sri, Waras Kamdi, Ahmad Dardiri, Syamsul Hadi, and Didik Nurhadi. 2020. "The Development and Application of Interactive Multimedia in Project-Based Learning to Enhance Students' Achievement for 2D Animation Making." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning 15(16). doi: 10.3991/ijet.v16i16.16521.

Utomo, Prio, Islam Negeri Fatmawati Sukarno Bengkulu Sepakat St, Kee Sawah Lebar Baru, and Kota Bengkulu. 2021. "The Effectiveness of Using Educational Cinema Techniques to Increase Students' Self-Confidence: An Experimental Research." ProGCouns: Journal of Professionals in Guidance and Counseling 2(2):51–61. doi: 10.21831/PROGCOUNS.V2I2.41101.

Wahyugi, Rahmad, and Fatmariza Fatmariza. 2021. “Engembangan Multimedia Interaktif Menggunakan Software Macromedia Flash 8 Sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Siswa Sekolah Dasar.” Edukatif: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan 3(3):791–800.

Waljinah, Sri, Khudzaifah Dimyati, Harun Joko Prayitno, Chryshnanda Dwilaksana, Ani Rufiah, and Eko Purnomo. 2020. "The Study of Euphemism in Social Media: Digital Technology-Based Learning Media Innovation." International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change 12(2).

Widodo, W., E. Sudibyo, Suryanti, D. A. P. Sari, Inzanah, and B. Setiawan. 2020. “The Effectiveness of Gadget-Based Interactive Multimedia in Improving Generation z’s Scientific Literacy.” Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia 9(2). doi: 10.15294/jpii.v9i2.23208.

Widyaningsih, Sri Wahyu, Irfan Yusuf, Zuhdan Kun Prasetyo, and Edi Istiyono. 2020. "Online Interactive Multimedia Oriented to HOTS through E-Learning on Physics Material about Electrical Circuit." JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia) 9(1). doi: 10.23887/jpi-undiksha.v9i1.17667.

Winarti, Wiwin Dwi, Dian Septi Nur Afifah, Linda Pebriani, Ika Mariana Putri, and Imam Sukwatus Suja’i. 2021. "Study of Independence Student's Online Learning During Covid-19 Pandemic." Journal Universitas Muhammadiyah Gresik Engineering, Social Science, and Health International Conference (UMGESHIC) 1(1). doi: 10.30587/umgeshic.v1i1.2470.

Yulianci, Syahriani, Nurjumiati Nurjumiati, Asriyadin Asriyadin, and Adi Apriadi Adiansha. 2021. "The Effect of Interactive Multimedia and Learning Styles on Students' Physics Creative Thinking Skills." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 7(1). doi: 10.29303/jppipa.v7i1.529.

Zhu, Jie, Weixiang Xu, Hao Sun, and Hao Zhu. 2019. "Research on Optimization of Shared Bicycle Real-Time Multimedia Interactive Dispatching System for Intelligent Transportation System." Multimedia Tools and Applications. doi: 10.1007/s11042-019-7415-9.

Ziaurrahman, Ziaurrahman, and Herman Dwi Surjono. 2017. “Pengembangan E-Learning Adaptif Pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam Untuk Kelas X SMA.” Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Pendidikan 4(2):119–29. doi: 10.21831/JITP.V4I2.10458.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/teknodika.v20i1.58626

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.