Unlocking Crossflow Turbine Performance: A Meta-Analysis of Geometric Optimization Under Sediment-Laden Multiphase Flow
Quang Thang Do1, Nguyen Thanh Phuong2, Royb Fatkhur Rizal3, Misbahul Munir3, Nindia Nova Novena3, Yuki Trisnoaji3, Singgih Dwi Prasetyo3*
1 Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Vietnam
2 Department of Electronic – Electrical Engineering, Nha Trang University, Nha Trang, Vietnam
3 Power Plant Engineering Technology, State University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia
*Corresponding Author’s email address: singgih.prasetyo.fv@um.ac.id
Abstract
Crossflow (Banki) turbines are widely applied in low-head hydropower systems; however, their efficiency and durability are strongly affected by geometric design and sediment-laden multiphase flow. This study addresses the need for a systematic, quantitative synthesis of evidence on optimization and multiphase performance. A PRISMA-based systematic review and Meta-Analysis were conducted on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Computational Fluid Dynamics – Discrete Phase Model (CFD-DPM) studies published between 2015 and 2024. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMD), heterogeneity (I²), publication bias, and risk of bias were statistically evaluated to ensure methodological reliability. The Meta-Analysis reveals significant positive effects of geometric optimization on efficiency, power output, and torque, with SMD values ranging from 0.66 to 0.94. In contrast, the erosion rate shows a significant reduction (SMD = −0.71). CFD-DPM validation accuracy achieved the highest pooled effect size (SMD = 0.94). Heterogeneity remained moderate (I² ≈ 30–56%), indicating acceptable inter-study consistency. The findings confirm that geometric optimization is a dominant hydrodynamic control mechanism, enhancing flow stability, reducing erosion risk, and improving numerical–experimental agreement under multiphase conditions. This Meta-Analysis demonstrates that optimized crossflow turbine geometry significantly enhances performance and durability, providing a robust, evidence-based framework for future turbine design and for standardizing multiphase modeling
Keywords: Meta-analysis, Crossflow turbine, Multiphase flow, Renewable energy
