Potential Distortion of Sustainable Development in the Conflict of Interest of Nickel Mining and Indigenous Communities in Halmahera, North Maluku

Natasha Nancy

Abstract

Indonesia is rich in nickel resources. Indeed, it is good for the country economics and meeting the needs of modern society. There is a dilemma between economy and environmental sustainability. The difference of interests often leads to the neglect of the owned rights of the community of the indigenous and will lead to social inequality, eventually results in endless conflict. Halmahera Island has been used as a mining site for years. The Halmahera indigenous people have undergone serious impact, both in ecological and economic aspect. This research goals are to analyse whether large mining activities are comparable to the environmental conditions and to know the potential risks and impacts towards the community of indigenous people. The data analysis approach used is descriptive qualitative, with a scoring matrix assessment of the temporal impact forecasts and the application of 6+ strategic environmental assessment/SEA elements with scoring range of 1 (weak) to 5 (strong). The results of the analysis show the fact that mining activities, with a score of 4,123, emit severe impact in Halmahera Island; degradation of ecology, the life, and economic condition of the indigenous people. Post mining activities, however, yielded to a greater disruption with a score of 4,75. Mining can be made sustainable by implementing a comprehensive plan, which in the assessment analysis can reduce the risk level to a value of 3,25. The indigenous people of the island of Halmahera suffer losses in order to meet the needs of modern society; ironically, the demand for nickel continues to grow. Therefore, friction between the community and mining actors will continue to occur before environmental management and mitigation proves to be effective. Sustainable development is a meeting ground in conflict resolution. Utilization of natural resources must be carried out comprehensively, in accordance with the principles of inclusive sustainable development.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abdo, M.E. (2017) A Floristic Study of Halmahera, Indonesia Focusing on Palms (Arecaceae) and Their Seed Dispersal. Florida International University. doi:10.25148/etd.FIDC001976.

Alauddin, R., Alting, H. and Karman, A.S. (no date) Strategic Model For Land Dispute Due To Nickel Mining Business In North Maluku Province.

Amqam, H. et al. (2020) “Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of fish from kao bay,” Reviews on Environmental Health, 35(3), pp. 257–263. doi:10.1515/reveh-2020-0023.

Asteria, D. et al. (2021) “Reinventarization of living procedures, local knowledge, and wisdom to environment (Study case on Tobelo Tribe-Halmahera),” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/716/1/012050.

Balaton-Chrimes, S., M.S., T.K. (2016) Case Study of the CAO’s Approach to the PT Weda Nickel Mine Complaint: Barriers to Mediation in a Climate of Fear, creative commons attribution non-commercial Share alike (cc-By-nc-Sa).

Berlianty, T. (2015) “Corporate Responsibility on the Fulfillment of Community’s Rights around a Mining Site Post Mining Activities,” Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 41, pp. 194–202.

Downing, T.E. et al. (2002) “Indigenous Peoples and Mining Encounters: Strategies and Tactics,” in Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development .

Drakel, A. et al. (2021) “Analisis Kesuburan Tanah Pada Lahan Yang Direvegetasi Pasca Pertambangan Nikel Di Tanjung Buli, Halmahera Timur (Analysis of Soil Fertility on Revegetated Land after Nickel Mining in Tanjung Buli, East Halmahera),” 14(1), pp. 125–134. doi:10.29239/j.agrikan.14.1.125-134.

Elshkaki, A., Reck, B.K. and Graedel, T.E. (2017) “Anthropogenic nickel supply, demand, and associated energy and water use,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 125, pp. 300–307. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.07.002.

van der Ent, A. et al. (2013) “Ultramafic nickel laterites in Indonesia (Sulawesi, Halmahera): Mining, nickel hyperaccumulators and opportunities for phytomining,” Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 128, pp. 72–79. doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2013.01.009.

Fraser, J., A.J., L.J., L.Y., H.O., B.N., B.J. and M.O. (2021) “Study on future demand and supply security of nickel for electric vehicle batteries,” in Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. doi:10.2760/212807.

Gibson, R.B. (2006) “Sustainability assessment and conflict resolution: Reaching agreement to proceed with the Voisey’s Bay nickel mine,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(3–4), pp. 334–348. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.07.007.

Großmann, K., Padmanabhan, M. and von Braun, K. (2017) “Contested development in Indonesia: Rethinking ethnicity and gender in mining,” Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 10(1), pp. 11–28. doi:10.14764/10.ASEAS-2017.1-2.

Gumuru, D. (2014) “Peranan Pemerintah Daerah Dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Di PT. Nusa Halmahera Minerals,” Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 2(2).

Henie, M. et al. (2017) “INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSERVATION SCIENCE LOCAL WISDOM-BASED CONSERVATION ETHICS OF TABARU TRADITIONAL COMMUNITY ON HALMAHERA ISLAND, INDONESIA,” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSERVATION SCIENCE, 8(3), pp. 497–508. Available at: www.ijcs.uaic.ro.

Herdiansyah, H. et al. (2018) “Sustainability of post-mining land use and ecotourism,” Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah, 6(2), pp. 2338–4603.

Irham, M. (2012) AVIFAUNA DIVERSITY AT CENTRAL HALMAHERA NORTH MALUKU, INDONESIA, Zoo Indonesia.

Irmayanti, L. et al. (2022) “Flora composition and diversity in Mount Sibela Educational Forest, South Halmahera, North Maluku,” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/959/1/012015.

Katlli, J.A. (1975) “VOLCANISM AND PLATE TECTONICS IN THE INDONESIAN ISLAND ARCS,” Tectonophysics, 26, pp. 165–188.

Krustiyati, A. et al. (2022) “Analyzing the Lawsuit of the European Union Over Nickel Ore Export Regulation in Indonesia,” Croatian International Relations Review, 28(89), pp. 120–135. doi:10.2478/CIRR-2022-0007.

Mudd, G.M. (2010) “Global trends and environmental issues in nickel mining: Sulfides versus laterites,” Ore Geology Reviews, 38(1–2), pp. 9–26. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.05.003.

Naim, A. et al. (2018) “Small Islands of Indonesia, The Land of Mines: Report on the Destruction of the Entire Bodies of Small Islands of Indonesia by Mineral and Coal Mines,” in Jaringan Advokasi Tambang. Available at: www.jatam.org.

Nakajima, K. et al. (2017) “Global land-use change hidden behind nickel consumption,” Science of the Total Environment, 586, pp. 730–737. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.049.

Nasir Tamalene, M. (2017) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSERVATION SCIENCE LOCAL KNOWLEDGE OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF FOREST ECOSYSTEM BY TOGUTIL ETHNIC GROUP ON HALMAHERA ISLAND, INDONESIA: TRADITI, Article in International Journal of Conservation Science. Available at: www.ijcs.uaic.ro.

Nasir Tamalene, M. et al. (2017) “The practice of local wisdom of Tobelo Dalma (Togutil) Tribal community in forest conservation in Halmahera, Indonesia Education material View project Biotechnology Learning View project The Practice of Local Wisdom of Tobelo Dalam (Togutil) Tribal Community in Forest Conservation in Halmahera, Indonesia,” International Journal of Plant Research, 2014(4A), pp. 1–7. doi:10.5923/s.plant.201401.01.

Prematuri, R. et al. (2020) “The impact of nickel mining on soil properties and growth of two fast-growing tropical trees species,” International Journal of Forestry Research, 2020. doi:10.1155/2020/8837590.

Puspa Kusuma, J. and Ginting, A.L. (2021) “STRATEGI PEMERINTAH DAERAH KABUPATEN KOLAKA DALAM PENGELOLAAN PROGRAM CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR),” SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF REFLECTION: Economic, Accounting, Management and Business, 4(1), pp. 81–90.

von Rintelen, K., Arida, E. and Häuser, C. (2017) “A review of biodiversity-related issues and challenges in megadiverse Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries,” Research Ideas and Outcomes, 3. doi:10.3897/rio.3.e20860.

Sachs, J.D. (2012) “From millennium development goals to sustainable development goals,” The Lancet. Elsevier B.V., pp. 2206–2211. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60685-0.

Safi, J. (2017) “Konflik Komunal Maluku 1999-2000,” ISTORIA Jurnal Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sejarah, 13(1), pp. 33–44.

Sarianto, D., Simbolon, D. and Wiryawan, B. (2016) “Dampak Pertambangan Nikel Terhadap Daerah Penangkapan Ikan di Perairan Kabupaten Halmahera Timur (Impact of Nickel Mining on Fishing Ground in East Halmahera District Waters),” Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia (JIPI), Agustus, 21(2), pp. 104–113. doi:10.18343/jipi.21.2.104.

Setiadi, M.I. et al. (2010) “Estructura Genética de la Herpetofauna de la Isla Halmahera, Indonesia: Implicaciones para el Parque Nacional Aketajawe-Lolobata,” Conservation Biology, 24(2), pp. 553–562. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01384.x.

Sonesson, C., D.G., S.L. (2016) Mapping Mining to the Sustainable Development Goals: An Atlas.

Suherman, I. and Saleh, R. (2018) “Supply chain analysis for Indonesian nickel,” Indonesian Mining Journal, 21(1), pp. 59–76. doi:10.30556/imj.vol21.no1.2018.246.

Sulistijo, B., C.C., D.E., T.J., K.R., U.R., A.S., E.S. (2018) “PROGRAM KESADARAN BAHAYA MERKURI DAN SIANIDA DI DAERAH LINGKAR TAMBANG: STUDI KASUS DAERAH KAO TELUK, MALIFUT DAN KAO, HALMAHERA UTARA,” in PROSIDING XXVII DAN KONGRES X PERHAPI, pp. 207–215.

Tamalene, N.M. et al. (2015) “Climate changes mitigate anticipation strategy based on local wisdom-a study of Tobelo Dalam tribe (Togutil) in Halmahera Island, Indonesia,” Journal of Biology and Earth Sciences, 5(1), pp. 40–48. Available at: https://earth.

Yulinar, L., S.B. (2015) “IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) (KASUS PT. PINDAD),” Jurnal Wacana Kinerja, 18(2), pp. 198–235

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.