Population Redistribution in a Continuously Driven Λ-Type Semiconductor Quantum Dot: Roles of Relaxation-Path Asymmetry And Off-Resonant Coupling

Arik Ramadhan, Bintoro Siswo Nugroho, Asifa Asri, Azrul Azwar, Yudha Arman

Abstract

Semiconductor quantum dots (SQDs) exhibit optical responses that are strongly influenced by their internal level structure, relaxation pathways, and excitation intensity. This study investigates the time- and intensity-dependent population dynamics of a continuously driven single Λ-type three-level SQD using the density-matrix formalism within the rotating-wave approximation. Dissipative processes are incorporated through Lindblad-type relaxation terms, while the transient and stationary responses are obtained, respectively, by numerical time integration and steady-state solution of the density-matrix equations. Special attention is given to the relaxation channel γ32 and the off-resonant transition dipole moment μ32. The results show that γ32 primarily controls the transient redistribution route and the timescale required to reach the stationary regime, whereas the early oscillatory behavior remains dominated by the resonantly driven |1⟩ ↔|3⟩ transition. In the steady-state regime, γ32 mainly determines how population leaving the upper state is partitioned between the two lower states, while μ32 governs how readily the off-resonant |2⟩ ↔|3⟩ branch becomes active as the driving intensity increases. Consequently, the crossover from predominantly resonant two-level-like behavior to genuine three-level population redistribution is controlled by the combined action of relaxation-path asymmetry and off-resonant coupling strength. These findings provide a clearer mechanism-based interpretation of driven population redistribution in effective multilevel SQD systems.

Keywords

continuous-wave excitation; density-matrix formalism; population dynamics; semiconductor quantum dots; Λ-type three-level system

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.13057/ijap.v16i1.117075

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