Tinjauan Teori Akses dan Ekslusi dalam Dinamika Orang-Orang Arab di Indonesia Dari Masa Kerajaan hingga Pemerintah Kolonial

Abstract

Abstrak
Etnis Arab merupakan etnis minoritas pendatang terbesar di Indonesia setelah etnis Tionghoa. Kemunculan orang-orang Arab di Indonesia sudah dimulai sejak awal abad masehi, tepatnya sejak abad ke-7 Masehi melalui catatan-catatan para pengembara. Sejak era Kerajaan Islam, jumlah mereka semakin meningkat hingga pemuncaknya ketika dibukanya Terusan Suez pada akhir abad ke-20. Sebagai kelompok pendatang, orang-orang Arab harus mampu beradaptasi di wilayah perantauan mereka. Meski demikian, upaya adaptasi mereka tidaklah selalu berjalan mulus. Orang-orang Arab juga mendapatkan perlakuan diskriminasi terutama ketika dimulainya era pemerintah Kolonial. Penelitian ini mengkaji orang-orang Arab di Indonesia dengan menggunakan teori Akses sebagai bentuk keberhasilan adaptasi, serta teori Ekslusi sebagai hambatan mereka dalam beradaptasi. Melalui tinjauan teori akses, orang-orang Arab mendapatkan akses dan berhasil beradaptasi dengan memanfaat jalur perdagangan, jalur penyebaran agama, hingga jalur pernikahan. Akses yang sudah mereka miliki menjadi terancam ketika memasuki era kekuasaan Pemerintah Kolonial dimana orang-orang Arab dianggap sebagai ancaman dan menjadi kelompok yang terekslusi.

Kata Kunci: Orang-orang Arab, Adaptasi, Diskriminasi Akses, Ekslusi.

Abstract
The Arab ethnic group is the largest immigrant minority in Indonesia after the Chinese ethnic group. The presence of Arabs in Indonesia began as early as the 7th century AD, as recorded by various travelers. Their numbers increased significantly during the Islamic Kingdom era, reaching a peak following the opening of the Suez Canal in the late 19th century. As migrants, Arabs had to adapt to their new environment. However, their adaptation efforts were not always smooth. Arabs also faced discrimination, particularly during the Colonial Government era. This study examines Arabs in Indonesia using the Theory of Access to analyze their successful adaptation and the Theory of Exclusion to identify barriers to their adaptation. Through the lens of the Theory of Access, Arabs gained access and successfully adapted by leveraging trade routes, religious dissemination channels, and intermarriage. However, the access they had achieved became threatened during the Colonial Government era, when Arabs were perceived as a threat and became an excluded group.
Keywords: Arabs, Adaptation, Discrimination, Access, Exclusion.