Email this article 
The Effect of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) on Indirect Organogenesis of the Titan Arum (Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.))
Abstract
The titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.)), an endangered and endemic flora from the island of Sumatra, faces a significant risk of extinction. Conservation efforts for the titan arum were undertaken, including in vitro conservation through tissue culture. The study aimed to determine the optimal concentration of the growth regulator Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) for inducing shoot formation in titan arum and to observe cellular changes during the shoot stage through histological test. This research was conducted from November 2023 to March 2024 at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Andalas University. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatment levels: 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 ppm. Data analysis was performed using an F-test at a 5% significance level. If the F-test showed significant differences, further testing was carried out using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level. Meanwhile, data on explant rooting percentage and root count were presented as means and standard deviations. Results indicated that various concentrations of BAP could induce shoots formation of Amorphophallus titanum Becc., with the percentage of explants forming shoots reaching 80–95%. The concentration of 5.0 ppm BAP was the most effective, yielding the highest average number of shoots at 7.80. Histological test revealed cell enlargement at the shoot tips. This research is pivotal for the conservation of titan arum and promotes further studies in in vitro culture techniques.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ainipasha, D. M., Susiyanti, S., Isminingsih, S., & Millah, Z. (2024). Induksi Tunas pada Dua Varietas Pisang (Musa acuminata C.) terhadap Lama Penggelapan secara In Vitro. Ziraa’Ah Majalah Ilmiah Pertanian, 49(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.31602/zmip.v49i1.13485
Arianto, W., Zuhud, E. A., Hikmat, A., Sunarminto, T., & Siregar, I. Z. (2019). Kajian Populasi dan Struktur Komposisi Vegetasi Habitat Bunga Bangkai (Amorphophallus titanum [Becc.] Ex Arcang) di Kawasan Hutan Bengkulu. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 9(2), 241– 257. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.9.2.241-257
Astutik, A., Sumiati, A., & Sutoyo, S. (2021). Stimulasi Pertumbuhan Dendrobium Sp menggunakan Hormon Auksin Naphtalena Acetic Acid (NAA) dan Indole Butyric Acid (IBA). Buana Sains, 21(1), 19–28.
Azizi, A. A. A., Tambunan, I. R., & Efendi, D. (2017). Multiplikasi Tunas In Vitro Berdasarkan Jenis Eksplan pada Enam Genotipe Tebu (Saccharum officinarum L.). Research Journal, 23(2), 90–97.
Bhatia, S., & Bera, T. (2015). Somatic Embryogenesis and Organogenesis. Modern Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6, 209–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802221-4.00006-6
Bidabadi, S. S., & Jain, M. S. (2020). Cellular, Molecular, and Physiological Aspects of In Vitro Plant Regeneration. Plants, 9(6), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ plants9060702
BRIN. (2023). BRIN Tekankan Pendataan KEHATI untuk Pemulihan Spesies Terancam Punah. Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional. https://brin.go.id/news/116436/brin-tekankan-pendataan-kehati untuk-pemulihan-spesies-terancam-punah. [10 Januari 2024]
del Pozo, J. C., Diaz-Trivino, S., Cisneros, N., & Gutierrez, C. (2006). The balance between Cell Division and Endoreplication depends on E2FC-DPB, Transcription Factors Regulated by the Ubiquitin-SCFSKP2A Pathway in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 18(9), 2224-2235. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.105.039651
dos Santos, M. R. A., & Paz, E. S. (2016). Effect of 2, 4-d on Callus Induction in Leaf Explants of Peach Palm (Bactris gasipaes hbk), Internasional Journal of Current Research, 8(9), pp.38688-38691.
Ferdous, M. H., Billah, A. M., Mehraj, H., Taufique, T., & Uddin, A. F. M. J. (2015). BAP and IBA Pulsing for In Vitro Multiplication of Banana Cultivars through Shoot-tip Culture. Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 3(02), 87-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18801/jbar.030215.35
Firdaushi, A. N. (2023). Pengaruh Jenis Eksplan dan Konsentrasi BAP Terhadap Induksi Tunas Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) Secara In Vitro. UNS (Sebelas Maret University).
Harjadi, S. S. (2009). Zat pengatur tumbuh. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta, 76.
Hayati, B. Z. (2020). Respon Pertumbuhan Bibit Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica) Varietas Catuwai terhadap Pemberian Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Ekstrak Tauge. Jurnal Ilmiah Agrosaint, 11(2), 105–119.
Hetterscheid, W. L. A., & Ittenbach, S. (1996). Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Amorphophallus, But Were Afraid to Stick Your Nose Into. Aroideana, 19, 7–131.
Hidayat, S., & Yuzammi, Y. (2008). Kajian Populasi Alami Bunga Bangkai (Amorphophallus titanum (Becc.) Becc.): Studi Kasus Dd Kawasan Hutan Bengkulu. Buletin Kebun Raya Indonesia, 11(1), pp. 9–15). http://jurnal.krbogor.lipi.go.id/index.php/buletin /article/view/11_1_2.
Hnatuszko-Konka, K., Gerszberg, A., Weremczuk-Jeżyna, I., & Grzegorczyk- Karolak, I. (2021). Cytokinin signaling and de novo shoot organogenesis. Genes, 12(2), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12020265
Ikeda, Y., Banno, H., Niu, Q. W., Howell, S. H., & Chua, N. H. (2006). The Enhancer of Shoot Regeneration 2 Gene in Arabidopsis Regulates Cup-Shaped Cotyledon 1 at the Transcriptional Level and Controls Cotyledon Development. Plant and cell physiology, 47(11), 1443-1456. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcl023
Ikeuchi, M., Favero, D. S., Sakamoto, Y., Iwase, A., Coleman, D., Rymen, B., & Sugimoto, K. (2019). Molecular mechanisms of plant regeneration. Annual review of plant biology, 70, 377-406. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev- arplant-050718-100434
Isnaini, Y., & Novitasari, Y. (2020). Regenerasi Tunas Suweg (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) pada Berbagai Konsentrasi BAP dan NAA dengan Kondisi Penyimpanan Terang dan Gelap. Agriprima : Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, 4(2), 94–105. https://doi.org/ 10.25047/agriprima.v4i2.375
Kartiman, R., Sukma, D., Aisyah, S. I., & Purwito, A. (2018). In Vitro Multiplication of  Black Orchid (Coelogyne pandurata Lindl.)  Using the Combination of NAA and BAP. Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI), 5(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.29122/jbbi.v5i1.2908
Kieber, J. J., & Schaller, G. E. (2014). Cytokinins. The Arabidopsis Book/American Society of Plant Biologists, 12. https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0168
Klawe, F. Z., Stiehl, T., Bastian, P., Gaillochet, C., Lohmann, J. U., & Marciniak- Czochra, A. (2020). Mathematical Modeling of Plant Cell Fate Transitions Controlled by Hormonal Signals. PLoS Computational Biology, 16(7), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007523
[KLHK] Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. (2015). Strategi dan Rencana Aksi Konservasi Bunga Bangkai (Amorphophallus titanum). 36 hal.
[KLHK] Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. (2018). Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor P.92/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/8/2018. 29hal.
Kurepa, J., & Smalle, J. A. (2022). Auxin/Cytokinin Antagonistic Control of the Shoot/Root Growth Ratio and its Relevance for Adaptation to Drought and Nutrient Deficiency Stresses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(4), 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23041933
Lin, W., Zhou, X., Tang, W., Takahashi, K., Pan, X., Dai, J., Ren, H., Zhu, X., Pan, S., Zheng, H., Gray, W. M., Xu, T., Kinoshita, T., & Yang, Z. (2021). TMK-Based Cell-Surface Auxin Signalling Activates Cell-Wall Acidification. Nature, 599(7884), 278–282. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03976-4
Lobin, W., Neumann, M., Radscheit, M., & Barthlott, W. (2007). The Cultivation of Titan Arum (Amorphophallus titanum): a Flagship Species for Botanic Gardens. Sibbaldia: The International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, 5, 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/Sibbaldia.2007.8
Lutfiani, I., Lestari, A., Widyodaru, N., & Suhesti, S. (2022). Pengaruh Pemberian Berbagai Konsentrasi NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) dan BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) terhadap Multiplikasi Tunas Tanaman Tebu (Saccharum officinarum L.). 2(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.33661/jai.v7i1.6111
Mirah, T., Undang, U., Sunarya, Y., & Ermayanti, T. M. (2021). Pengaruh Konsentrasi Sitokinin dan Jenis Media terhadap Pertumbuhan Eksplan Buku Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bert.) Tetraploid. Media Pertanian, 6(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.37058/mp.v6i1.2893
Munggarani, M., Suminar, E., Nuraini, A., & Mubarok, S. (2018). Multiplikasi Tunas Meriklon Kentang pada Berbagai Jenis dan Konsentrasi Sitokinin. Agrologia, 7(2), 80–89. https://dx.doi.org/10.30598/a.v7i2.766
Ngomuo, M., Mneney, E., & Ndakidemi, P. (2013). The Effects of Auxins and Cytokinin on Growth and Development of (Musa sp.) var.“Yangambi” Explants in Tissue Culture. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 4(11), 2174. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.411269
Novianti, S., Kesumawati, E., & Rahmawati, M. (2022). Multiplikasi Tunas Pisang Barangan Merah (Musa acuminata Colla) pada Berbagai Konsentrasi Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) dan Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) secara In Vitro. Jurnal Agrista, 26(1), 26–33.
Nurfadhilah, K. (2019). Kultur Tangkai Daun Bunga Bangkai (Amorphophallus titanum Becc.) Pada Beberapa Kombinasi Zat Pengatur Tumbuh. IPB University.
Pierre-Jerome, E., Drapek, C., & Benfey, P. N. (2018). Regulation of Division and Differentiation of Plant Stem Cells. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 34, 289–310. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062459
Prasetyo, R., Sugiyono, P. L., & Prayoga, L. (2020). Induksi Tunas Mikro Pisang Kultivar Ambon Nangka (Musa sp.) secara In Vitro. Vigor Jurnal Ilmu Pertan dan Subtrop, 5(2), 45-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31002/vigor.v5i2.3044
Putri, A. B. S., Hajrah, H., Armita, D., & Tambunan, I. R. (2021). Teknik Kultur Jaringan untuk Perbanyakan dan Konservasi Tanaman Kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) secara In Vitro. Filogeni: Jurnal Mahasiswa Biologi, 1(2), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.24252/filogeni.v1i2.23801
Qi, F., & Zhang, F. (2020). Cell Cycle Regulation in the Plant Response to Stress. Frontiers in plant science, 10, 498388. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls. 2019.01765
Rahmah, S. (2024). Organogenesis Bunga Bangkai (Amorphophallus titanum (Becc)) dengan Pemberian BAP (Benzyl Amino Purine) secara In Vitro. Universitas Andalas.
Rahman, M. F., Harp, A. F., Purwito, A., Husni, A., Nugroho, K., & Kosmiatin, M. (2023). Regenerasi Cakram Bawang Putih Varietas Tawangmangu Baru secara In Vitro. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Perhimpunan Hortikultura Indonesia, 1(2).
Rahmawati, M., Nurul Safira, C., & Hayati, M. (2021). Perbanyakan Tanaman Nilam Aceh (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) dengan Kombinasi IAA Dan Kinetin secara In Vitro. Jurnal Agrium, 18(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.29103/agrium.v18i1.3839
Ramage, C. M., & Williams, R. R. (2003). Mineral Uptake in Tobacco Leaf Discs during Different Developmental Stages of Shoot Organogenesis. Plant cell reports, 21(11), 1047-1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-003-0628-3
Raspor, M., Motyka, V., Kaleri, A. R., Ninković, S., Tubić, L., Cingel, A., & Ćosić, T. (2021). Integrating the Roles for Cytokinin and Auxin in De Novo Shoot Organogenesis: from Hormone Uptake to Signaling Outputs. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(16), 8554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijms22168554
Rasud, Y., & Anwar, H. (2019). Induksi Tunas Jeruk Siam dengan Penambahan Benzil Amino Purine (BAP) secara In Vitro. Jurnal Agrotech, 9(2), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.31970/agrotech.v9i2.37
Rasud, Y., Ulfa, S., Baharia, dan, & Studi Agroteknologi Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Pertanian Mujahidin Tolitoli, P. (2015). The Growth of Orange (Citrus Sinensis L.) in In Vitro Culture Supplemented with Various Concentrations of Cytokinin. J. Agroland, 22(3), 197–204.
Retnowati, A., Rugayah, Rahajoe, J. S., & Arifiani, D. (2019). Status Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia : Kekayaan Jenis Tumbuhan dan Jamur Indonesia. In LIPI Press.
Ruta, C., Lambardi, M., & Ozudogru, E. A. (2020). Biobanking of Vegetable Genetic Resources by In Vitro Conservation and Cryopreservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 29, 3495–3532.
Saepudin, A., Yulianto, Y., & Aeni, R. N. (2020). Pertumbuhan Eksplan In Vitro Anggrek Hibrida Dendrobium pada Beberapa Media Dasar dan Konsentrasi Air Kelapa. Media Pertanian, 5(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.37058/mp.v5i2.2451
Sagai, E., Doodoh, B., & Kojoh, D. (2016). Pengatur Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Benzil Amino Purin (BAP) terhadap Induksi dan Multiplikasi Tunas Brokoli (Brassica oleraceae L. Var. Italica Plenck). J. Natural Science, IX, 1 –9. https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/cocos/article/download/13885/13459
Schaller, G. E., Street, I. H., & Kieber, J. J. (2014). Cytokinin and the Cell Cycle. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 21, 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi. 2014.05.015
Schaller, G. E., Bishopp, A., & Kieber, J. J. (2015). The Yin-Yang of Hormones: Cytokinin and Auxin Interactions in Plant Development. Plant Cell, 27(1), 44–63. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.133595
Setiawan, A. (2022). Keanekaragaman Hayati Indonesia: Masalah dan Upaya Konservasinya. Indonesian Journal of Conservation, 11(1), 13–21. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/ijc
Smeringai, J., Schrumpfova, P. P., & Pernisova, M. (2023). Cytokinins – Regulators of De Novo Shoot Organogenesis. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14(August), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1239133
Su, Y.-H., Liu, Y.-B., & Zhang, X.-S. (2011). Auxin–Cytokinin Interaction Regulates Meristem Development. Molecular Plant, 4(4), 616–625. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmp%2Fssr007
Warseno, T. (2015). Konservasi Ex Situ secara In Vitro Jenis-Jenis Tumbuhan Langka dan Kritis di Kebun Raya “Eka Karya” Bali. 1(Fay 1994), 1075–1082. https://doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m010518
Wati, D. R. (2021). Organogenesis Tidak Langsung Bunga Bangkai ( Amorphophallus titanum (Becc)) secara In Vitro dengan Memakai BAP (6- Benzyl Amino Purine) dan NAA ( Naphthalene Acetic Acid ). Universitas Andalas.
Widiastoety, D. (2014). Pengaruh Auksin dan Sitokinin terhadap Pertumbuhan Planlet Anggrek Mokara. Jurnal Hortikultura, 24(3), 230. https://doi.org/10.21082/jhort.v24n3.2014.p230-238
Widyatmoko, D. (2019). Strategi dan Inovasi Konservasi Tumbuhan Indonesia untuk Pemanfaatan secara Berkelanjutan. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 102(2), 377–385. http://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id/handle/11617/11287
Widyawati, I., Fudolla, U., & Fitri, W. M. (2019). Amorphophalus titanum Bunga Endemik Sumatra. Jurnal Universitas Sebelas Maret, 1(1), 24–31.
Wirianto, I. (2014). Kultur Biji Amorphophallus decus-silvae pada Beberapa Kombinasi Sitokinin dan Auksin secara in vitro. Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Yadav, R. K., Perales, M., Gruel, J., Girke, T., Jönsson, H., & Venugopala Reddy, G. (2011). WUSCHEL Protein Movement Mediates Stem Cell Homeostasis In The Arabidopsis Shoot Apex. Genes and Development, 25(19), 2025–2030. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.17258511
Yanti, D., & Isda, M. N. (2021). Induksi Tunas dari Eksplan Nodus Jeruk Kasturi (Citrus Microcarpa Bunge.) dengan Penambahan 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) secara In Vitro. Biospecies, 14(1), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.22437/biospecies.v14i1.11192
Yuzammi, & Hidayat. (2018). Titan Arum (Amorphophallus titanum). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 8235, 2307–8235.
Zhang, T. Q., Lian, H., Zhou, C. M., Xu, L., Jiao, Y., & Wang, J. W. (2017). A Two-Step Model for de novo Activation of WUSCHEL during Plant Shoot Regeneration. The Plant Cell, 29(5), 1073-1087. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.16.00863
