TIDAL FLOOD DISASTER ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION BASED ON GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS IN PEMANGKAT SUB-DISTRICT, WEST KALIMANTAN

Ajun Purwanto, Sulha Sulha

Abstract

Tidal flooding is a recurring disaster in Indonesia, including West Kalimantan. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of tidal flood vulnerability and identify appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies in Pemangkat District, Sambas Regency. This study uses a combination of field surveys and secondary data analysis. The variables used include elevation, slope, distance from rivers, land cover, and rainfall. Spatial analysis uses a Geographic Information System (GIS) with the Weighted Sum method to generate a tidal flood vulnerability map. The results show that tidal flood vulnerability in the study area can be classified into five categories: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. High to very high vulnerability zones are mostly located in Pemangkat Kota and Sebatuan villages, while moderate to very low vulnerability zones are found in Jelutung, Gugah Sejahtera, Penjajap, Harapan, Lonam, and Parit Pakan villages. Model validation shows an overall accuracy of 58%, with Producer Accuracy and User Accuracy reaching 85%, indicating a good match between the generated vulnerability map and historical tidal flood events. Findings indicate that low-lying coastal areas affected by tidal channels are most vulnerable to tidal flooding. Priority adaptation strategies include the construction of permanent embankments, adaptive spatial planning through the utilization of flood-prone zones for fish farming, and the relocation of settlements from high-risk areas. Recommended mitigation measures for moderate to low vulnerability zones include the construction of stilt houses, improving drainage systems, installing water pumps, developing infiltration ponds, and restoring mangrove forests.  

Keywords

adaptation; geospatial analysis; mitigation; tidal flood

Full Text:

PDF

References

Ahmad, K. K., Putri, K. A., Wilujeung, A. D., Lestari, D. A., & Arifin, W. A. (2021). STATUS SEBARAN DAN KERAPATAN KANOPI MANGROVE DI PULAU TOBEA BESAR SULAWESI TENGGARA MENGGUNAKAN DATA SATELIT LANDSAT 8. Pena Akuatika: Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.31941/penaakuatika.v20i2.1363

Ahmad, T. E., Rais, A., Azhari, D. R., Lestari, D. A., & Arifin, W. A. (2021). Penggunaan Iso Cluster Unsupervised Classification Dalam Mengenali Garis Pantai, Studi Kasus: Rarowatu Utara, Sulawesi Tenggara. Seminar Nasional Ilmu Komputer (SNASIKOM), 1(1), 53–69.

Andrews, T. M., Clark, R., & Perlman, R. (2025). To Mitigate or Adapt? The Role of Climate Vulnerability on Policy Preferences.

Almar, R., Ranasinghe, R., Bergsma, E. W. J., Diaz, H., Melet, A., Papa, F., Vousdoukas, M., Athanasiou, P., Dada, O., & Almeida, L. P. (2021). A global analysis of extreme coastal water levels with implications for potential coastal overtopping. Nature Communications, 12(1), 3775. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24008-9

Azhari, D. R., Lestari, D. A., & Arifin, W. A. (2022). Pemodelan Spasial Genangan Banjir Rob, Studi Kasus: Pesisir Utara Banten (Kecamatan Kasemen). Jurnal Georafflesia: Artikel Ilmiah Pendidikan Geografi, 7(2), 173–181.

BPBD. (2025). Laporan Banjir Rob Kabupaten Sambas.

Choubin, B., Moradi, E., Golshan, M., Adamowski, J., Sajedi-Hosseini, F., & Mosavi, A. (2019). An ensemble prediction of flood susceptibility using multivariate discriminant analysis, classification and regression trees, and support vector machines. Science of the Total Environment, 651, 2087–2096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.064

Díaz-Rodríguez, N., Del Ser, J., Coeckelbergh, M., de Prado, M. L., Herrera-Viedma, E., & Herrera, F. (2023). Connecting the dots in trustworthy Artificial Intelligence: From AI principles, ethics, and key requirements to responsible AI systems and regulation. Information Fusion, 99, 101896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101896

Doorga, J. R. S., Pasnin, O., & Dindoyal, Y. (2025). From risk to resilience: geospatial decision support tool and adaptation strategies for coastal flooding in Rodrigues Island. Climatic Change, 178(5), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-025-03930-7

Genc, N., Colak, H. E., & Baser, V. (2025). Towards Sustainable Futures: An Interdisciplinary Bridge—A Bibliometric Review on Climate Change, Agriculture, Land Management, and GIS. Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3439

Hamuna, B., Sari, A. N., & Alianto, A. (2018). Kajian kerentanan wilayah pesisir ditinjau dari geomorfologi dan elevasi pesisir Kota dan Kabupaten Jayapura, Provinsi Papua. Jurnal Wilayah Dan Lingkungan, 6(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.14710/jwl.6.1.1-14

Hawchar, L., Naughton, O., Nolan, P., Stewart, M. G., & Ryan, P. C. (2020). A GIS-based framework for high-level climate change risk assessment of critical infrastructure. Climate Risk Management, 29, 100235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100235

Heinzlef, C., Becue, V., & Serre, D. (2020). A spatial decision support system for enhancing resilience to floods: Bridging resilience modelling and geovisualization techniques. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 20(4), 1049–1068. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1049-2020

Iskandar, S. A., Helmi, M., Muslim, M., Widada, S., & Rochaddi, B. (2020). Analisis Geospasial Area Genangan Banjir Rob dan Dampaknya pada Penggunaan Lahan Tahun 2020-2025 di Kota Pekalongan Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Indonesian Journal of Oceanography, 2(3), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijoce.v2i3.8668

Lestari, D. A., Fitriasari, N. S., Ahmad, T. E., Rais, A., & Azhari, D. R. (2021). Spatial Analysis on Tsunami Predictions in Pandeglang Regency. Forum Geografi, 35(1), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v35i1.12367

Li, Z., Mount, J., & Demir, I. (2020a). Evaluation of model parameters of HAND model for real-time flood inundation mapping: iowa case study. eartharxiv.org. https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/127/download/262/.

Li, Z., Mount, J., & Demir, I. (2020b). Model Parameter Evaluation and Improvement for Real-Time Flood Inundation Mapping Using HAND Model: Iowa Case Study. eartharxiv.org. https://eartharxiv.org/hqpzg/https://doi.org/10.31223/OSF.IO/HQPZG

Mehr, A. D., & Akdegirmen, O. (2021). Estimation of urban imperviousness and its impacts on flashfloods in Gazipaşa, Turkey. Knowledge-Based Engineering and Sciences, 2(1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.51526/kbes.2021.2.1.9-17

Mumbai, G. (2020). frequency ratio and fuzzy gamma operator models in GIS : a case study of Urban flood susceptibility zonation mapping using evidential belief function , frequency ratio and fuzzy gamma operator models in GIS : a case study of Greater Mumbai , Maharashtra ,. Geocarto International, 0(0), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2020.1730448. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2020.1730448

Nahib, I., Ambarwulan, W., Rahadiati, A., Munajati, S. L., & Prihanto, Y. (2021). Assessment of the Impacts of Climate and LULC Changes on the Water Yield in the Citarum River Basin , West Java Province , Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073919

Pontianak Post. (2023). Banjir Rob di Pemangkat Rendam Ratusan Rumah Warga.

Pourali, S. H., Arrowsmith, C., Chrisman, N., Matkan, A. A., & Mitchell, D. (2018). Topography wetness index application in flood-risk-based land use planning. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy, 9, 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-014-9130-2

Prabowo, A. (2021). Pemanfaatan Citra Landsat 8 Dan Data Dem Untuk Mengetahui Tingkat Kerentanan Dan Mitigasi Banjir Rob Di Daerah Pekalongan, Jawa Tengah. ReTII, 408–416.

Purwanto, A., & Paiman, P. (2023). Flood Risk Spatial Modeling Based on Geographical Information Systems and Remote Sensing in the Pemangkat Regensi. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(11), 9554–9563. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i11.5264

Putiamini, S., Patria, M. P., Soesilo, T. E. B., & Karsidi, A. (2023). Coastal vulnerability assessment to tidal (rob) flooding in Indramayu Coast, West Java, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Geography, 55(3), 517–526. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.65549

Ramadhani Maharlika, A., Prawata Hadi, S., Kismartini, & Lenty Hoya, A. (2020). Tidal flooding and coastal adaptation responses in Pekalongan City. E3S Web of Conferences, 202, 6027. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020206027

Ramesh, V., & Iqbal, S. S. (2022). Urban flood susceptibility zonation mapping using evidential belief function, frequency ratio and fuzzy gamma operator models in GIS: a case study of Greater Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Geocarto International, 37(2), 581–606. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2020.1730448

Rezvani, S. M. H. S., Falcão, M. J., Komljenovic, D., & de Almeida, N. M. (2023). A systematic literature review on urban resilience enabled with asset and disaster risk management approaches and GIS-based decision support tools. Applied Sciences, 13(4), 2223. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042223

Riadi, B. (2018). Model Spasial Banjir Untuk Mendukung Ketersediaan Pangan di Kabupaten Karawang.

Rodrigues, E. A., Carvalho, A. R. de, Ferreira, M. L., Victor, R. A. B. M., Luca, E. F. de, Rocha, G. C. da, Carvalho, B. R. de, Bustillos, J. O. W. V., Sodré, M. G., & Oliveira, M. C. (2024). Beyond the Rising Tide: Towards Effective Climate Policy in Coastal Urban Centers. Land, 13(12), 2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13122071

Rosser, J. F., Leibovici, D. G., & Jackson, M. J. (2017). Rapid flood inundation mapping using social media, remote sensing and topographic data. In Natural Hazards. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2755-0. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2755-0

Sayama, T., Tatebe, Y., Iwami, Y., & Tanaka, S. (2015). Hydrologic sensitivity of flood runoff and inundation: 2011 Thailand floods in the Chao Phraya River basin. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 15(7), 1617–1630. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1617-2015

Sermet, Y., Villanueva, P., Sit, M. A., & Demir, I. (2020). Crowdsourced approaches for stage measurements at ungauged locations using smartphones. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 65(5), 813–822. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2019.1659508

Setyaningsih, W., Saputro, P. A., Indrayati, A., Kurniawan, E., Syifauddin, M., Wijaya, V., & Mahat, H. (2024). Spatial-Temporal Distribution and Vulnerability Level of Tidal Flooding in the Coastal City of Semarang. International Journal of Safety & Security Engineering, 14(5). https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.140527

Singh, Y. K., Dutta, U., Prabhu, T. S. M., Prabu, I., Mhatre, J., Khare, M., Srivastava, S., & Dutta, S. (2017). Flood response system—A case study. Hydrology, 4(2), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology4020030

Sposato, R. G. (2016). Public engagement with climate change in light of a more balanced policy focus on adaptation and mitigation. Cardiff University.

Sugianto, S., Deli, A., Miswar, E., Rusdi, M., & Irham, M. (2022). The Effect of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Flood Occurrence in Teunom Watershed, Aceh Jaya. Land, 11(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081271.

Teng, J., Jakeman, A. J., Vaze, J., Croke, B. F. W., Dutta, D., & Kim, S. (2017). Flood inundation modelling: A review of methods, recent advances and uncertainty analysis. Environmental Modelling & Software, 90, 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.01.006

Torresan, S., Critto, A., Rizzi, J., Zabeo, A., Furlan, E., & Marcomini, A. (2016). DESYCO: A decision support system for the regional risk assessment of climate change impacts in coastal zones. Ocean & Coastal Management, 120, 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.11.003

Vitousek, S., Barnard, P. L., Fletcher, C. H., Frazer, N., Erikson, L., & Storlazzi, C. D. (2017). Doubling of coastal flooding frequency within decades due to sea-level rise. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1399.

Xiang, Z., & Demir, I. (2020). Distributed long-term hourly streamflow predictions using deep learning–A case study for State of Iowa. Environmental Modelling & Software, 131, 104761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2020.104761

Xu, H., Windsor, M., Muste, M., & Demir, I. (2020). A web-based decision support system for collaborative mitigation of multiple water-related hazards using serious gaming. Journal of Environmental Management, 255, 109887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109887

Xu, L., Cui, S., Wang, X., Tang, J., Nitivattananon, V., Ding, S., & Nguyen, M. N. (2021). Dynamic risk of coastal flood and driving factors: Integrating local sea level rise and spatially explicit urban growth. Journal of Cleaner Production, 321, 129039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129039

Yildirim, E., & Demir, I. (2021). An integrated flood risk assessment and mitigation framework: A case study for middle Cedar River Basin, Iowa, US. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 56, 102113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102113

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/ge.v12i2.115215

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.