The Effect of Arm Muscle Physical Training on Free-Throw Accuracy in the SMPN 177 Jakarta Basketball Extracurricular Program

Abstract

This study was motivated by the low free-throw accuracy observed among students participating in the basketball extracurricular program at SMPN 177 Jakarta. The free throw is a crucial technique in basketball, offering an opportunity to score points without direct interference from defenders. This study aimed to determine the free-throw accuracy levels of these students before and after undergoing an arm muscle physical training program. A quantitative experimental approach was employed, utilizing a One-Group Pretest-Posttest research design. The six-week arm muscle training program proved effective in significantly improving the students' free-throw accuracy. This was evidenced by a 77.70% increase in the average score, rising from 6.95 in the pretest to 12.35 in the posttest. Hypothesis testing using the Paired Sample t-Test yielded a calculated t-value ($t_{count}$) of 18.972, which exceeded the critical t-value ($t_{table}$) of 2.093, with a significance level of p = 0.000 (< 0.05). These results led to the rejection of the null hypothesis ($H_0$) and the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis ($H_a$), indicating that arm muscle physical training has a significant effect on free-throw accuracy. The calculated effect size (Cohen's d = 2.093) fell into the "extremely large effect" category, demonstrating that the improvement in shooting accuracy was substantially supported by adaptations in arm muscle strength and endurance.