Evaluation of Photoprotective of Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke Leaves Extract with Different Solvents and Its Spatial Distribution

Reskyaningsih Parintak, Maryani Maryani, Lisna Hidayati, Nastiti Wijayanti, Tri Rini Nuringtyas

Abstract

Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke is one of the Thymelaeaceous family species with high economic value. The leaf synthesizes secondary metabolites (SMs) supporting herbal medicine, including a class of SMs that serve as sunscreen. However, the SMs are not equally distributed in the plant, depending on the organs, tissues or cell type. This research aimed to determine the spatial distribution of secondary metabolites in the leaves, especially in the epidermis and mesophyll tissues. The epidermis tissues were separated from the mesophyll using the carborundum abrasion (CA) technique, followed by the extraction of SMs using three different polarity solvents, namely methanol, hexane and chloroform. The photoprotective potential was evaluated using the SPF value with the spectrophotometry approach. Subsequently, the phytochemical analysis was done for the total tannin, flavonoid, and phenols content. The results showed that the highest SPF value was observed in the methanol epidermis extract with SPF value of 8.61, followed by methanol mesophyll extract (4.52), chloroform epidermis extract (3.97), chloroform mesophyll extract (2.52) and hexane epidermis extract (0.60) and hexane mesophyll extract (0.16). Total phenolic content (flavonoid, tannin and phenol) in epidermis extract with methanol solvent was higher (12.347 ± 0.652 mg GAE/g DW), followed by extract with chloroform and hexane solvents. The total phenolic content (flavonoid, tannin and phenol) of mesophyll extract with methanol solvent showed the highest content, followed by chloroform mesophyll and hexane extracts. The results of the histochemical analysis showed that photoprotective compounds accumulate in the epidermis and mesophyll tissue of the leaf of G. versteegii.

Keywords

Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke; histochemical; photoprotective; SPF (Sun Protection Factor)

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abubakar, A. R., and Haque, M. (2020). Preparation of Medicinal Plants: Basic Extraction and Fractionation Procedures for Experimental Purposes. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences, 12(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_175_19

Ahsanti, A. (2016). Aktivitas Tabir Surya Secara In Vitro dan Kandungan Total Tanin Ekstrak Daun Gaharu dari Spesies Aquilaria Malaccensis Lamk. dan Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke. Skripsi, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta: Yogyakarta.

Bukharina, I. L., Kuzmina, A. M., Zaripova, R. S., and Kuzmin, P. A. (2018). The Influence of Anthropogenic Environment on Tannin Content and Activity of Polyphenol Oxidase in Leaves of Woody Plants (with Naberezhnye Chelny as An Example). Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 10(4), 958-961.

Cao, J., Spielmann, M., Qiu, X., Huang, X., Ibrahim, D. M., Hill, A. J., Zhang, F., Mundlos, S., Christiansen, L., Steemers, F.J., Trapnell, C., and Shendure, J. (2019). The Single-Cell Transcriptional Landscape Of Mammalian Organogenesis. Nature, 566(7745), 496-502.

Costa, S. C., Detoni, C. B., Branco, C. R., Botura, M. B., and Branco, A. (2015). In Vitro Photoprotective Effects of Marcetia Taxifolia Ethanolic Extract and its Potential for Sunscreen Formulations. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 25(4), 413-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.07.013

Dare, R. G., Nakamura, C. V., Ximenes, V. F., and Lautenschlager, S. O. (2020). Tannic Acid, a Promising Anti-Photoaging Agent: Evidences of its Antioxidant and Anti-Wrinkle Potentials, and its Ability to Prevent Photodamage and MMP-1 Expression in L929 Fibroblasts Exposed to UVB. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 160(20), 342-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.08.019

Dutra, E. A., Oliveira, D. A. G. D. C., Kedor-Hackmann, E. R. M., and Santoro, M. I. R. M. (2004). Determination of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of Sunscreens by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Farmacêuticas, 40(3), 381-385.

Fonseca, A. P., and Rafaela, N. (2013). Determination of Sun Protection Factor by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. Health Care, 1(1), 1000108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/hccr.1000108

Gori, A., Brunetti, C., dos Santos Nascimento, L. B., Marino, G., Guidi, L., Ferrini, F., Centritto, M., Fini, A., and Tattini, M. (2021). Photoprotective Role of Photosynthetic and Non-Photosynthetic Pigments in Phillyrea latifolia: Is Their “Antioxidant” Function Prominent in Leaves Exposed to Severe Summer Drought?. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(15), 8303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158303

Halarewicz, A. (2011). Tissue Localization of The Condensed Tannins in The Leaves Of The Black Cherry, Prunus serotina Ehrh. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, 14(4), 788-794.

Hutzler, P., Fischbach, R., Heller, W., Jungblut, T. P., Reuber, S., Schmitz, R., Veit, M., WeissenbÖck, G., and Schnitzler, J. P. (1998). Tissue Localization of Phenolic Compounds in Plants by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Journal of Experimental Botany, 49(323), 953-965.

Ilmiah, H. H., Nuringtyas, T. R., and Nugroho, L. H. (2018). Accumulation of Potential Photo-Protective Compound Groups in Mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler.) Leaves. Pharmacognosy Journal, 10(3), 576-580. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2018.3.94

Ismail, I. (2013). Potensi Bahan Alam sebagai Bahan Aktif Kosmetik Tabir Surya. Jurnal Farmasi UIN Alauddin Makassar, 1(1), 45-55.

Karabourniotis, G., Kotsabassidis, D., and Manetas, Y. (1995). Trichome Density and Its Protective Potential Against Ultraviolet-B Radiation Damage During Leaf Development. Canadian Journal of Botany, 73(3), 376-383. https://doi.org/10.1139/b95-039

Kim, J., Pälijärvi, M., Karonen, M., and Salminen, J. P. (2020). Distribution of Enzymatic and Alkaline Oxidative Activities of Phenolic Compounds in Plants. Phytochemistry, 179, 112501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112501

Le, A. V, Parks, S. E, Nguyen, M. H, and Roach, P. D. (2018). Effect of Solvents and Extraction Methods on Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds. Separations, 5(3), 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations5030039

Lisnawati, N., NU, M. F., and Nurlitasari, D. (2019). Penentuan Nilai Spf Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Mangga Gedong Menggunakan Spektrofotometri UV-VIS. Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia, 1(2), 157-165.

Malsawmtluangi, C., Nath, D. K., Jamatia, I., Zarzoliana, E., and Pachuau, L. (2013). Determination of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) Number of Some Aqueous Herbal Extracts. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3(9), 150-151. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2013.3925

Manurung, D. I., Hidayati, L., Wijayanti, N., and Nuringtyas, T. R. (2021). Metabolite Profiling of Agarwood (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke) Leaves from Difference Growth Locations using Thin Layer Chromatography. Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 21(2), 615-623. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i2.2710

Mierziak, J., Kostyn, K., and Kulma, A. (2014). Flavonoids as Important Molecules of Plant Interactions with The Environment. Molecules, 19(10), 16240-16265. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191016240

Mulenga, M., Mbanga, L., Mpiana, P. T., Bokolo, K., Mumbwa, M., and Mvingu, K. (2014). Determination of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of Some Body Creams and Lotions Marketed in Kinshasa by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry. IJARCS, 1(8), 7-13.

Napagoda, M. T., Malkanthi, B. M. A. S., Abayawardana, S. A. K., Qader, M. M., and Jayasinghe, L. (2016). Photoprotective Potential in Some Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Skin Diseases in Sri Lanka. BMC Complementary And Alternative Medicine, 16, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1455-8

Ng’etich, W. K., Mwangi, E. M., Kiptoo, J., Digo, C. A., and Ombito, J. O. (2014). In Vitro Determination of Sun Protection Factor on Clays Used for Cosmetic Purposes in Kenya. In vitro, 6(7), 25-30.

Nunes, A. R., Vieira, Í. G., Queiroz, D. B., Leal, A. L. A. B., Morais, M, S., Muniz, D. F., Calixto-Junior, J.T and Coutinho, H. D. M. (2018). Use of Flavonoids and Cinnamates, The Main Photoprotectors with Natural Origin. Advances in Pharmacological Sciences, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5341487

Nuringtyas, T. R., Isromarina, R., Septia, Y., Hidayati, L., Wijayanti, N., and Moeljopawiro, S. (2018). The Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of The Chloroform Extract of Agarwood (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke) Leaves on HeLa Cell Lines. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 2002(1), 020067. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5050163

Prihantini, A. I., and Rizqiani, K. D. (2019). Various Antioxidant Assays of Agarwood Extracts (Gyrinops versteegii) from West Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Agriculture, 3(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g03101

Saewan, N., and Jimtaisong, A. (2013). Photoprotection of Natural Flavonoids. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3(9), 129-141.

Sineke, F. U. (2016). Penentuan Kandungan Fenolik dan Sun Protection Factor (SPF) dari Ekstrak Etanol dari Beberapa Tongkol Jagung (Zea mays L.). Pharmacon, 5(1).

Suryanto, E. (2009). Aktivitas Penangkal Radikal Bebas dan Penstabil Oksigen Singlet dari Ekstrak Daun Kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val.). Chemistry Progress, 2(2).

Wahyuningrum, M., Sari, R. K., and Rafi, M. (2018). Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Tabir Surya Ekstrak Daun Gyrinops versteegii (Antioxidant activity and Sunscreen of Gyrinops versteegii Leaf Extract). Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kayu Tropis, 16(2), 141-149.

Wardana, T. A. P., Nuringtyas, T. R., Wijayanti, N., and Hidayati, L. (2019). Phytochemical Analysis of Agarwood (Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke) Leaves Extracts as Anticancer Using GC-MS. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 2194(1), 020136. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5139868

Widayat, T., Hidayati, L., Wijayanti, N., and Nuringtyas, T. R. (2021). Metabolite Profiles of Agarwood Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke Leaves collected from Different Locations. Research Journal of Biotechnology. 16(4), 12-19

Widyawati, E., Ayuningtyas, N. D., and Pitarisa, A. P. (2019). Penentuan Nilai SPF Ekstrak dan Losio Tabir Surya Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) dengan Metode Spektrofotometri Uv-Vis. Jurnal Riset Kefarmasian Indonesia, 1(3), 189-202.

Yuan, Y., Li, L., Zhao, J., and Chen, M. (2020). Effect of Tannic Acid on Nutrition and Activities of Detoxification Enzymes and Acetylcholinesterase of The Fall Webworm (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Journal of Insect Science, 20(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieaa001

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/jpscr.v8i2.58611

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.