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PENGARUH ANGKA TUBERKULOSIS TERHADAP ANGKA KEMISKINAN DI INDONESIA : STUDI KASUS 407 KABUPATEN KOTA
Abstract
This study aims to determine the effect of the Tuberculosis rate on the poverty rate in 407 municipal districts in Indonesia in 2017. This study uses the Multiple linear regression (MLR) method with STATA 14. The results of the study indicate that the Tuberculosis rate has a positive effect - significant on the poverty rate, gdrp per capita has a negative effect – significant on poverty rate, and total health workers have a negative effect - significant on Tuberculosis cases.
Keywords: poverty, gdrp per capita, health workers, tuberculosis
JEL Classification:I32, O12, J83, I15
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Ahlburg, D. A., Stop TB Initiative, & Ministerial Conference on Tuber-culosis and Sustainable Develop-ment. (2000). The Economic Impacts of Tuberculosis. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66238
Anderson, G. F., Frogner, B. K., Johns, R. A., & Reinhardt, U. E. (2006). Health Care Spending and Use of Information Techno-logy in OECD Countries. Health Affairs, 25(3), 819–831. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.25.3.819
Anggit, P. Y., & Arianti, F. (2012). Pengangguran, Pendidikan, dan Kesehatan Terhadap Kemiskinan. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 1(1), 1–8. Retrieved from https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jme/article/download/128/136
Auwalin, I. (2009). Measuring The Impact of Economic Growth on Poverty. Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, 1(3), 219–227. Retrieved from http://journal.unair.ac.id/IE@measuring-the-impact-of-economic-growth-on-poverty-article-9091-media-112-category-13.html
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2017). Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Provin-si-Provinsi di Indonesia menurut Lapangan Usaha 2012-2016. Ja-karta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Banerjee, A. N., Banik, N., & Mu-khopadhyay, J. P. (2015). The Dynamics of Income Growth and Poverty: Evidence from Districts in India. Development Policy Review, 33(3), 293–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12110
Chakaya, J. M., Harries, A. D., & Marks, G. B. (2020). Ending Tu-berculosis by 2030—Pipe Dream or Reality? International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 92, S51–S54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.021
Collins, D., Hafidz, F., & Mustikawa-ti, D. (2017). The Economic Bur-den of Tuberculosis in Indonesia. International Journal of Tubercu-losis and Lung Disease, 21(9), 1041–1048. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.16.0898
Depkes RI. (2009). Rencana Pemba-ngunan Jangka Panjang Bidang Kesehatan 2005-2025. Jakarta: Depkes RI.
Depkes RI. (2018). InfoDatin Tuber-culosis. Jakarta: Kementerian Ke-sehatan RI.
Diel, R., Rutz, S., Castell, S., & Scha-berg, T. (2012). Tuberculosis: Cost of Illness in Germany. Eur Respir J, 40(1), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00204611
Fløe, A., Hilberg, O., Wejse, C., Lø-kke, A., Ibsen, R., Kjellberg, J., &
Jennum, P. (2015). The Econo-mic Burden of Tuberculosis in Denmark 1998-2010. Cost Ana-lysis in Patients and Their Spou-ses. International Journal of In-fectious Diseases, 32, 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.12.021
Fuchs, V. R. (1999). The Future of Health Economics. NBER Work-ing Paper No. W7379. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=193796
Greene, W. W. H. (2012). Econome-tric Analysis (7th Ed). Prentice Hall.
Gupta, I., & Mitra, A. (2004). Eco-nomic Growth, Health and Pover-ty: An Exploratory Study for In-dia. Development Policy Review, 22(2), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2004.00245.x
Hernandez, P., & Evans, D. (2006). Measuring Expenditure for the Health Workforce: Evidence and Challenges. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/hrh/documents/measuring_expenditure.pdf
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik In-donesia. (2017). Indonesia Natio-nal TB Program. Jakarta: Ke-menterian Kesehatan RI.
Kirigia, J. M., & Muthuri, R. D. K. (2016). Productivity Losses A-ssociated with Tuberculosis Dea-ths in the World Health Organi-zation African Region. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 5(43), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-016-0138-5
Lopez, J. H., & Serven, L. (2006). A Normal Relationship? Poverty, Growth, and Inequality. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 3814(January), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3814
Marchal, B., & Kegels, G. (2003). Health Workforce Imbalances in Times of Globalization: Brain Drain or Professional Mobility. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 18 (SUPPL. 1), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.720
Miranti, R., Vidyattama, Y., Hansnata, E., Cassells, R., & Duncan, A. (2013). Trends in Poverty and In-equality in Decentralising Indo-nesia. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No.148,OECDPublishing, Paris,. https://doi.org/10.1787/5k43bvt2dwjk-en
OMS. (2016). Global Strategy on Hu-man Resources for Health: Work-force 2030. WHO.
Ono, T., Lafortune, G., Schoenstein, M., Ono T Schoenstein M, L. G., & Publishing, O. (2013). Health Workforce Planning in OECD Countries: A Review of 26 Pro-jection Models from 18 Coun-tries. In OECD Health Working Papers, No.62(62), 8-11. https://doi.org/10.1787/5k44t787zcwb-en
Peabody, J. W., Shimkhada, R., Tan, C., & Luck, J. (2005). The Bur-den of Disease, Economic Costs and Clinical Consequences of Tuberculosis in the Philippines. Health Policy and Planning, 20(6), 347–353. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czi041
Rajeswari, R., Balasubramanian, R., Muniyandi, M., Geetharamani,
S., Thresa, X., & Venkatesan, P. (1999). Socio-economic Impact of Tuberculosis on Patients and Family in India. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 3(10), 869–877. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1622109͔
Ramadhan, A. P. (2013). Teacher and Health Worker Absence in Indo-nesia. Asian Education and Deve-lopment Studies, 2(2), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1108/20463161311321420
Rasheed, B. A., Adnan, R., Saffari, S. E., & Pati, K. D. (2014). Robust Weighted Least Squares Estima-tion of Regression Parameter in the Presence of Outliers and He-teroscedastic Errors. Jurnal Tek-nologi, 71(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v71.3609
Rodrigues, L. C., & Smith, P. G. (1990). Tuberculosis in Develop-ing Countries and Methods for Its Control. Transactions of the Ro-yal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84(5), 739–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(90)90172-B
Saqib, S. E., Ahmad, M. M., & Ame-zcua-Prieto, C. (2018). Economic Burden of Tuberculosis and Its Coping Mechanism at the House-hold Level in Pakistan. Social Science Journal, 55(3), 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.01.001
Sheldon, G. F. (2006). Globalization and the Health Workforce Short-age. Surgery, 140(3), 354–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2006.06.012
Sihaloho, E., & Siregar, A. (2019). The Analysis of Tuberculosis Fu-nds Efficiency on High Burden Countries. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 22(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24914/jeb.v22i1.2112
Suhrcke, M., McKee, M., Stuckler, D., Sauto Arce, R., Tsolova, S., & Mortensen, J. (2006). The Contri-bution of Health to the Economy in the European Union. Public Health, 120(11), 994–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2006.08.011
Suryahadi, A., Hadiwidjaja, G., & Su-marto, S. (2012). Economic Gro-wth and Poverty Reduction in In-donesia Before and After the Asi-an Financial Crisis. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 48(2), 209–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2012.694155
Swift, R. (2008). Editorial Identificati-on of Treatment Effects. 1131 (2007), 1127–1131. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec
Tanimura, T., Jaramillo, E., Weil, D., Raviglione, M., & Lönnroth, K. (2014). Financial Burden for Tu-berculosis Patients in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Sy-stematic Review. European Res-piratory Journal, 43(6), 1763–1775. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00193413
Wei, D. (2005). Accounting for the E-ffect of Health on Economic De-velopment. NBER Ahlburg, D. A., Stop TB Initiative, & Ministerial
Conference on Tuber-culosis and Sustainable Develop-ment. (2000). The Economic Im-pacts of Tuberculosis. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66238
Anderson, G. F., Frogner, B. K., Johns, R. A., & Reinhardt, U. E. (2006). Health Care Spending and Use of Information Techno-logy in OECD Countries. Health Affairs, 25(3), 819–831. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.25.3.819
Anggit, P. Y., & Arianti, F. (2012). Pengangguran, Pendidikan, dan Kesehatan Terhadap Kemiskinan. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 1(1), 1–8. Retrieved from https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jme/article/download/128/136
Auwalin, I. (2009). Measuring The Impact of Economic Growth on Poverty. Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, 1(3), 219–227. Retrieved from http://journal.unair.ac.id/IE@measuring-the-impact-of-economic-growth-on-poverty-article-9091-media-112-category-13.html
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2017). Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Provin-si-Provinsi di Indonesia menurut Lapangan Usaha 2012-2016. Ja-karta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Banerjee, A. N., Banik, N., & Mu-khopadhyay, J. P. (2015). The Dynamics of Income Growth and Poverty: Evidence from Districts in India. Development Policy Review, 33(3), 293–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12110
Chakaya, J. M., Harries, A. D., & Marks, G. B. (2020). Ending Tu-berculosis by 2030—Pipe Dream or Reality? International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 92, S51–S54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.021
Collins, D., Hafidz, F., & Mustikawa-ti, D. (2017). The Economic Bur-den of Tuberculosis in Indonesia. International Journal of Tubercu-losis and Lung Disease, 21(9), 1041–1048. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.16.0898
Depkes RI. (2009). Rencana Pemba-ngunan Jangka Panjang Bidang Kesehatan 2005-2025. Jakarta: Depkes RI.
Depkes RI. (2018). InfoDatin Tuber-culosis. Jakarta: Kementerian Ke-sehatan RI.
Diel, R., Rutz, S., Castell, S., & Scha-berg, T. (2012). Tuberculosis: Cost of Illness in Germany. Eur Respir J, 40(1), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00204611
Fløe, A., Hilberg, O., Wejse, C., Lø-kke, A., Ibsen, R., Kjellberg, J., & Jennum, P. (2015). The Econo-mic Burden of Tuberculosis in Denmark 1998-2010. Cost Ana-lysis in Patients and Their Spou-ses. International Journal of In-fectious Diseases, 32, 183–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2014.12.021
Fuchs, V. R. (1999). The Future of Health Economics. NBER Work-ing Paper No. W7379. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=193796
Greene, W. W. H. (2012). Econome-tric Analysis (7th Ed). Prentice Hall.
Gupta, I., & Mitra, A. (2004). Eco-nomic Growth, Health and Pover-ty: An Exploratory Study for In-dia. Development Policy Review, 22(2), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2004.00245.x
Hernandez, P., & Evans, D. (2006). Measuring Expenditure for the Health Workforce: Evidence and Challenges. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/hrh/documents/measuring_expenditure.pdf
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik In-donesia. (2017). Indonesia Natio-nal TB Program. Jakarta: Ke-menterian Kesehatan RI.
Kirigia, J. M., & Muthuri, R. D. K. (2016). Productivity Losses A-ssociated with Tuberculosis Dea-ths in the World Health Organi-zation African Region. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 5(43), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-016-0138-5
Lopez, J. H., & Serven, L. (2006). A Normal Relationship? Poverty, Growth, and Inequality. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 3814(January), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-3814
Marchal, B., & Kegels, G. (2003). Health Workforce Imbalances in Times of Globalization: Brain Drain or Professional Mobility. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 18 (SUPPL. 1), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.720
Miranti, R., Vidyattama, Y., Hansnata, E., Cassells, R., & Duncan, A. (2013). Trends in Poverty and In-equality in Decentralising Indo-nesia. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No.148,OECDPublishing, Paris,. https://doi.org/10.1787/5k43bvt2dwjk-en
OMS. (2016). Global Strategy on Hu-man Resources for Health: Work-force 2030. WHO.
Ono, T., Lafortune, G., Schoenstein, M., Ono T Schoenstein M, L. G., & Publishing, O. (2013). Health Workforce Planning in OECD Countries: A Review of 26 Pro-jection Models from 18 Coun-tries. In OECD Health Working Papers, No.62(62), 8-11. https://doi.org/10.1787/5k44t787zcwb-en
Peabody, J. W., Shimkhada, R., Tan, C., & Luck, J. (2005). The Bur-den of Disease, Economic Costs and Clinical Consequences of Tuberculosis in the Philippines. Health Policy and Planning, 20(6), 347–353. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czi041
Rajeswari, R., Balasubramanian, R., Muniyandi, M., Geetharamani, S., Thresa, X., & Venkatesan, P. (1999). Socio-economic Impact of Tuberculosis on Patients and Family in India. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 3(10), 869–877. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1622109͔
Ramadhan, A. P. (2013). Teacher and Health Worker Absence in Indo-nesia. Asian Education and Deve-lopment Studies, 2(2), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1108/20463161311321420
Rasheed, B. A., Adnan, R., Saffari, S. E., & Pati, K. D. (2014). Robust Weighted Least Squares Estima-tion of Regression Parameter in the Presence of Outliers and He-teroscedastic Errors. Jurnal Tek-nologi, 71(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v71.3609
Rodrigues, L. C., & Smith, P. G. (1990). Tuberculosis in Develop-ing Countries and Methods for Its Control. Transactions of the Ro-yal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84(5), 739–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(90)90172-B
Saqib, S. E., Ahmad, M. M., & Ame-zcua-Prieto, C. (2018). Economic Burden of Tuberculosis and Its Coping Mechanism at the House-hold Level in Pakistan. Social Science Journal, 55(3), 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.01.001
Sheldon, G. F. (2006). Globalization and the Health Workforce Short-age. Surgery, 140(3), 354–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2006.06.012
Sihaloho, E., & Siregar, A. (2019). The Analysis of Tuberculosis Fu-nds Efficiency on High Burden Countries. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 22(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24914/jeb.v22i1.2112
Suhrcke, M., McKee, M., Stuckler, D., Sauto Arce, R., Tsolova, S., & Mortensen, J. (2006). The Contri-bution of Health to the Economy in the European Union. Public Health, 120(11), 994–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2006.08.011
Suryahadi, A., Hadiwidjaja, G., & Su-marto, S. (2012). Economic Gro-wth and Poverty Reduction in In-donesia Before and After the Asi-an Financial Crisis. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 48(2), 209–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2012.694155
Swift, R. (2008). Editorial Identificati-on of Treatment Effects. 1131 (2007), 1127–1131. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec
Tanimura, T., Jaramillo, E., Weil, D., Raviglione, M., & Lönnroth, K. (2014). Financial Burden for Tu-berculosis Patients in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Sy-stematic Review. European Res-piratory Journal, 43(6), 1763–1775. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00193413
Wei, D. (2005). Accounting for the E-ffect of Health on Economic De-velopment. NBER Working Pa-per, 11455(August).
Weil, D. N. (2007). Accounting for the Effect of Health on Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of E-conomics, 122(3), 1265–1306. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.3.1265
WHO. (2005). Working for Health and Growth. In WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Working.
WHO. (2018). Global Tuberclororsis Report 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079915607875
WHO. (2019). Global Tuberculosis Report 2019. Geneva.
Yusuf, A. A. (2017). Multidimensio-nal Poverty in Indonesia: How Inclusive Has Economic Growth Been? Working Papers in Trade and Development, (09), 1–51.
Working Pa-per, 11455(August).
Weil, D. N. (2007). Accounting for the Effect of Health on Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of E-conomics, 122(3), 1265–1306. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.3.1265
WHO. (2005). Working for Health and Growth. In WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Working.
WHO. (2018). Global Tuberclororsis Report 2018. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079915607875
WHO. (2019). Global Tuberculosis Report 2019. Geneva.
Yusuf, A. A. (2017). Multidimensio-nal Poverty in Indonesia: How Inclusive Has Economic Growth Been? Working Papers in Trade and Development, (09), 1–51.
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