Impact of Long-term Soybean Meal Flushing during the Mating Period on Estrus Expression and Reproductive Physiology of Saanen Dairy Goats in Tropical Conditions

Dio Fico Felsidan Diatmono, Fransisca Gani Padmawati, Pradita Iustitia Sitaresmi, Budi Prasetyo Widyobroto, Sungkono Sungkono, Andrian Syah, Herdis Herdis, Satoshi Ohkura, Diah Tri Widayati

Abstract

Feed protein intake is crucial for successful reproduction of small ruminants, including dairy goats. However, while high protein intake is proven to increase productivity, the negative impact on reproductive efficiency is well documented. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and physiological effects of a high-protein flushing diet on reproductive performance in tropical Saanen goats. Forty-two multiparous does with body condition scores (BCS) of 2.73±0.29 were assigned to a control group with no supplementation (T0; n = 14), 5% soybean meal (SBM) group (T1), or 15% SBM group (T2) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Supplementation was administered for 14 days pre- and 14 days post-artificial insemination (AI). Estrus was synchronized using CIDR and PGF2α, followed by AI. Blood metabolite profiles, plasma antioxidant status, reproductive hormone levels, estrus expression, and maternal performance were measured. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s B post-hoc test. Results showed differences (p < 0.05) in blood metabolites in T2, with increased urea and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), whereas cholesterol was higher in T0 than in diet-flushing groups. Group T1 showed superior antioxidant profiles to T0, with elevated glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1) and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Reproductive hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estrogen, increased significantly (p < 0.05) during estrus in the diet-flushing groups. These groups exhibited earlier estrus onset, shorter estrus duration, more pronounced estrus signs, and higher cervical opening scores than the T0 group. Supplementation with 5% SBM improved reproductive performance by enhancing metabolic and hormonal profiles without inducing systemic strain.

Keywords

antioxidant biomarker; blood biochemical profile; caprine reproduction; dietary protein supplementation; nutritional flushing

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References

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v41i3.119873

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