_CROSREF.jpg)
The Impact of COVID-19 on Challenges and Protection Practices of Migrant Workers' Rights
Abstract
Indonesia has agreed to the ASEAN Consensus on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Migrant Workers. However, many cases have proved the vulnerability of the legal protection for Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia. In other words, the consensus has not protected the workers. Therefore, this research was conducted to analyze considerations for the regulations designed to protect post-consensus migrant workers. The objective comprised three aspects: analysis of the legislation after consensus, the draft policy that realizes the consensus, and the enforcement based on the draft formulated to safeguard the rights of migrant workers—a normative juridical method used in this research. The results showed that the consensus is a soft law that does not have a binding effect and sanction, causing it vulnerable to a violation, especially among undocumented migrant workers. Therefore, the research recommends bureaucracy reform to reduce the administrative costs for the migrant workers, allowing them to have better legal protection.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Al, J. W. et. (2016). Legal Redress For Migrant Domestic Workers In Malaysia Abused And Alone : Legal Redress For Migrant Domestic Workers In Malaysia,. Indonesia Law Review, 1, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v6n1.171.
Bal, C. S., & Gerard, K. (2018). ASEAN’s governance of migrant worker rights. Third World Quarterly, 39(4), 799–819. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2017.1387478
Blutman, L. (2010). In The Trap of a Legal Metaphor: International Soft Law. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 59(3), 605–624. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020589310000242
BPMI, A. T. U. P. T. (2021). Perception analysis of Employees on sharia insurance. Journal of Management and Business Innovations, 3(2), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.2991/icdesa-19.2019.15
Derek, M., Tsai, F.-J., Kim, J., Tejamaya, M., Putri, V., Muto, G., Reginald, A., Phanprasit, W., Granadillos, N., Bt Zainal Farid, M., Capule, C. Q., Lin, Y.-W., Park, J., Chen, R.-Y., Lee, K. H., Park, J., Hashimoto, H., Yoon, C., Padungtod, C., & Park, D.-U. (2021). Overview of Legal Measures for Managing Workplace COVID-19 Infection Risk in Several Asia-Pacific Countries. Safety and Health at Work, 12(4), 530–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2021.08.003
Fonteyne, J.-P. L., & Greig, D. W. (1990). International Law at the Time of its Codification: Essays in Honour of Roberto Ago. 4 volumes. [Milan: Giuffrè. 1988. 581, 535, 497, 433 pp. LIt.50,000, 45,000, 35,000, 35,000]. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 39(2), 482–487. https://doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/39.2.482
Gandasari, D., & Dwidienawati, D. (2020). Content analysis of social and economic issues in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon, 6(11), e05599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05599
Hamzah, A. S. (2022). Peran badan pelindungan pekerja migran Indonesia ( BP2MI) dalam upaya perindungan hukum pra penempatan pekerja migran (studi di upt bp2mi Mataram). Jurnal Private Law Fakultas Hukum Universitas Mataram, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.23887/jpku.v9i3.38543
Hantoko, D., Li, X., Pariatamby, A., Yoshikawa, K., Horttanainen, M., & Yan, M. (2021). Challenges and practices on waste management and disposal during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Environmental Management, 286, 112140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112140
Iskandar, P. (2018). Non-Citizen Rights in ASEAN: The Need to Chart a New Course. Social and Legal Studies, 27(2), 180–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663917746485
Jogloabang. (2018). Permenaker 18/2018, Jaminan Sosial Pekerja Migran Indonesia. Keenterian Sosial Republik Indonesia.
Khan, S., Siddique, R., Li, H., Ali, A., Shereen, M. A., Bashir, N., & Xue, M. (2020). Impact of coronavirus outbreak on psychological health. Journal of Global Health, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010331
Kharisma, D. B. (2020). Urgency of financial technology (Fintech) laws in Indonesia. International Journal of Law and Management, Figure 1. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-08-2020-0233
Kulkarni, B. N., & Anantharama, V. (2020). Repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on municipal solid waste management: Challenges and opportunities. Science of The Total Environment, 743, 140693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140693
Kumar, S., & Choudhury, S. (2021). Migrant workers and human rights: A critical study on India’s COVID-19 lockdown policy. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3(1), 100130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100130
Kusuma, B. A., Karjoko, L., Jaelani, A. K., & Rahmi Handayani, I. G. A. K. (2021). Establishment of Indonesian Maritime Power : Regulation of Transnational Organized Crime on Illegal , Unreported , and Unregulated ( IIU ) Fishing. International Journal of Criminal Justice Science, 16(2), 251–266. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4756074
Kusumaningtyas., Jaelani, A.K., (2022). The model of mining environment restoration regulation based on Sustainable Development Goals. Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 30(1), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.22219/ljih.v30i1.20764
Laczko, M. L. M. and F. (2016). Migrant Smuggling Data and Research : a Global Review of the Emerging Evidence Base. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/187162
Landry, V., Semsar-Kazerooni, K., Tjong, J., Alj, A., Darnley, A., Lipp, R., & Guberman, G. I. (2021). The systemized exploitation of temporary migrant agricultural workers in Canada: Exacerbation of health vulnerabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic and recommendations for the future. Journal of Migration and Health, 3, 100035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2021.100035
Loganathan, T., Rui, D., Ng, C. W., & Pocock, N. S. (2019). Breaking down the barriers: Understanding migrant workers’ access to healthcare in Malaysia. PLoS One, 14(7), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218669
M.Nur. (2021). Slavery of Indonesian Migrant Fishers: A Review of Regulation and Its Implementation. Yustisia Jurnal Hukum, 10(2), 145. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v10i2.53715
Maharani, A., Berlian, B., Hafiz, M., Wahyudi, R., Wisnuwardhani, S., & Devi, W. (2017). Evaluasi Rekomendasi AFML untuk Perlindungan Buruh Migran di Asean (pp. 1–146). https://doi.org/10.23887/jpku.v9i3.38543
Maksum, A. (2017). Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) Dan Hubungan Indonesia-Malaysia Era Jokowi. Jurnal PIR, 2(1), 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22303/pir.2.1.2017.01-22
Maksum, A., & Surwandono. (2017). Suffer to survive: The Indonesian illegal workers experiences in Malaysia and Japan. Journal of Social Research and Policy, 8(1), 101–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100223
Noor, N. M., & Shaker, M. N. (2017). Perceived workplace discrimination, coping and psychological distress among unskilled Indonesian migrant workers in Malaysia. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 57, 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.01.004
Nur, F. S. and M. (2021). Human Rights Violation Against the Indonesian Migrant Fisheries Crew in Chinese-Flagged Long Xing Vessel. Yustisia Jurnal Hukum, 10(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v10i1.46515
Nur, M. (2018). Recommendation for Authorization Overlaping of Placement of Indonesian Fishing Vessels Crews Abroad. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v6i1.532
Pascual Vives. (2019). The Notion of Consensus in Public International Law. In Consensus-Based Interpretation of Regional Human Rights Treaties (pp. 13–39). Brill | Nijhoff. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004375512_004
Perspektif, D., Internasional, H., Kasus, S., Adelina, P., Asal, T. K. W., & Di, N. T. T. (2019). Perlindungan Hukum Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Ditinjau. 2(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.23887/jatayu.v2i1.28772
Rahmat Muhajir Nugroho, A. W. A. (2019). Simultaneous Election In Indonesia : Is It Really More Effective and Efficient? Media Hukum, 26(2), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmh.20190135
Rother, S. (2018). ASEAN Forum on Migrant Labour: A space for civil society in migration governance at the regional level? Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 59(1), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12181
Sandanasamy, F., Paavilainen, M., & Baruah, N. (2020). COVID-19: Impact on migrant workers and country response in Malaysia. Internal Labour Organization, May, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-29020008
Sondakh, J. J. S., Warastuti, W., Susatia, B., Wildan, M., Sunindya, B. R., Budiyanto, M. A. K., & Fauzi, A. (2022). Indonesia medical students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19. Heliyon, 8(1), e08686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08686
Sopyan, Y. (2021). Access To Justice of Citizenship Rights for Stateless Indonesian Migrant Workers’ Children In Sarawak, Malaysia. Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pranata Sosial, 16(2), 476–502. https://doi.org/10.19105/AL-LHKAM.V16I2.5285
Spaan, E., & van Naerssen, T. (2018). Migration decision-making and migration industry in the Indonesia–Malaysia corridor. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(4), 680–695. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1315523
Steinberg, R. H. (2002). In the Shadow of Law or Power? Consensus-Based Bargaining and Outcomes in the GATT/WTO. International Organization, 56(2), 339–374. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081802320005504
Sudagung, A. D., & Olifiani, L. P. (2020). Implementasi Tingkat Nasional dan Daerah atas Konsensus ASEAN 2017 dalam Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia. Indonesian Perspective, 5(1), 28–49. https://doi.org/10.14710/ip.v5i1.30193
Sugandi, Y. S., & Heryadi, D. (2018). Kebijakan Migrasi Lintas Negara Pemerintah Indonesia (Studi Kasus Pengiriman Tenaga Kerja Indonesia ke Malaysia. Jurnal Wacana Kinerja: Kajian Praktis-Akademis Kinerja Dan Administrasi Pelayanan Publik, 20(2), 41. https://doi.org/10.31845/jwk.v20i2.20
Suyadi, Zalik Nuryana, A. W. A. (2021). The insertion of anti-corruption education into Islamic education learning based on neuroscience. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 10(4), 1417–1425. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i4.21881
Suyadi, Zalik Nuryana, N. A. F. F. (2020). The fiqh of disaster: The mitigation of Covid-19 in the perspective of Islamic education-neuroscience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 101848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101848
Suyadi, Nuryana, Z., Sutrisno, & Baidi. (2022). Academic reform and sustainability of Islamic higher education in Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Development, 89, 102534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2021.102534
Tan, W. (2016). Vol. XVIII No.2 (2016) Tinjauan Yuridis Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Di Malaysia Winsherly Tan. XVIII(2), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v2i2.174-187
Utami, P. N. (2019). Penanganan Kasus Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang oleh Pemerintah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jurnal HAM, 10(2), 195. https://doi.org/10.30641/ham.2019.10.195-216
Wahab, A. (2020). The outbreak of Covid-19 in Malaysia: Pushing migrant workers at the margin. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2(1), 100073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100073
Wahyudi, R. (2018). Illegal Journey: The Indonesian Undocumented Migrant Workers to Malaysia. Populasi, 25(2), 24. https://doi.org/10.22146/jp.36202
Wahyudi, R., & Jusoh, H. (2016). Encouraging Access to Justice for Indonesian Migrant Workers in Malaysia: The Need of Engaging Legal Aid Organizations in ASEAN. Scientific Journal of PPI-UKM, 3(3), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.21752/sjppi-ukm/ses/a09092016
Whelan, J., Nordin, R., Ishak, M. K., Matwi, N., Zahari, S. N., Mekler, N., & Thiyagarajan, A. (2016). Legal Redress For Migrant Domestic Workers In Malaysia Abused And Alone : Legal Redress For Migrant Domestic Workers In Malaysia. Indonesia Law Review, 1, 1–37. https://doi.org/10.15742/ilrev.v6n1.171
Yuli Kusmanto, T. (2014). Trafficking: Sisi Buram Migrasi Internasional. Sawwa: Jurnal Studi Gender, 9(2), 219. https://doi.org/10.21580/sa.v9i2.633
Zeinedini, S., Karimi, M. S., & Khanzadi, A. (2022). Impact of global oil and gold prices on the Iran stock market returns during the Covid-19 pandemic using the quantile regression approach. Resources Policy, 76, 102602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102602
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/bestuur.v10i1.60179
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 Anom Wahyu Asmorojati, Muhammad Nur, Indah Kusuma Dewi, Hezlina Hashim
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
|
