Politeness Strategies in Hajj and Umrah Supplications Du‘ā: A Pragmatic Study of Request Speech Acts

Iklilah Atikoh, Ika Dewi Mashitoh

Abstract

This study analyzes politeness strategies in request speech acts (du‘ā: دُعَاء) found in the Book of Prayers and Dhikr for Hajj and Umrah (Ministry of Religious Affairs, 2023). Using pragmatic frameworks from Brown and Levinson (1988), Blum-Kulka et al. (1989), and Leech (1983), the study examines 52 prayers based on sentence structure, communicative intent, and politeness strategies. The findings show a dominance of negative politeness, marked by indirectness, collective pronouns, and honorific expressions. Prayers beginning with اللَّهُمَّ /Allahumma/, رَبِّ /Rabbi/, and رَبَّنَا /Rabbana/ reflect varying degrees of personal and collective spirituality. Interestingly, prayers that do not explicitly address God also appear in nearly equal frequency, indicating the use of rich and diverse language variation within linguistic analysis. This variation enhances the sense of sincerity and depth in the supplication. The study affirms that prayer, while theological, is also a linguistic act shaped by politeness and dynamic spiritual expression. It reveals how religious language operates under pragmatic norms to convey trust, reverence, and humility in both traditional and evolving communicative settings.

Keywords

du‘ā (Islamic supplication); politeness; request; pragmatics; language variation

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References

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/transling.v5i2.101800

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