SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology
SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology (journal initial: STJSSA; p-ISSN 1412-3606 e-ISSN 2356-1424) is open access, academic, citation indexed, and peer-reviewed journal published by the Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret. It covers original research articles, review, and short communication on diverse topics related to soil science and agricultural climatology (read more ...). We accepting submission from all over the world. All submitted articles shall never be published elsewhere, original and not under consideration for other publication. STJSSA has been accredited by National Journal Accreditation (ARJUNA) Managed by Ministry of Research and Technology/ National Agency for Research and Innovation, the Republic of Indonesia with First Grade (Sinta 1) according to the Decree No. 204/E/KPT/2022 (link). STJSSA has been indexed, abstracted, displayed in SCOPUS, DOAJ, ASEAN Citation Index (ACI), SINTA by Ristek/BRIN of The Republic of Indonesia, GOOGLE Scholar, etc.
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Development of portable color detector: its application for determination of Munsell Soil Color
Soil color is a crucial indicator in soil science and agriculture; it provides information about soil properties and conditions. Typically, surveyors determine soil color by visually comparing the soil samples to the Munsell Soil Color Chart (MSCC). However, the accuracy of this method can be influenced by lighting conditions and the observer's subjectivity, leading to potential inconsistencies. This study introduces a portable color sensor device designed to improve the accuracy and consistency in determining the soil color and its MSCC notation compared to traditional visual methods. The device integrates a TCS3200 color sensor with a microcontroller to automate the color determination process. The device was validated by operating it to determine the color of 12 test paper sheets and four test soil types. The device can determine the color of the tested paper and soil well (100% accuracy); the result is displayed on the Liquid Crystal Display. It consistently achieved 100% accuracy for all measurements with varying ambient light intensity. The device is designed to be portable and easy to use, thus supporting field use for surveyors. Therefore, this device offers significant advantages in soil classification, fertility assessment, and environmental monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2025 Heriyanto Syafutra, Muhammad Khoirul Anam, Faozan Ahmad, Desi Nadalia, Rudi Heryanto, Ganesha Antarnusa, Rofiqul Umam, Hirotaka Takahashi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Relationship between soil chemical properties and rice yield under multiple stresses in the coastal agricultural land of Pangandaran, Indonesia
Seawater intrusion causes salinity and waterlogging in the coastal agricultural land of Pangandaran, Indonesia. Both limiting factors cause a decrease in soil chemical properties. The decline in rice yield occurred due to the low soil chemical properties. The study aims to identify the soil’s chemical properties based on limiting factors and to reveal its relationship with rice productivity in the coastal agricultural land of Pangandaran. Soil sampling was conducted using a purposive sampling method, and the samples were analyzed in the laboratory. Various soil properties are grouped into three clusters using hierarchical clustering. The cluster of waterlogging high salinity has very high Na-exchangeable with EC ranging from 0.21 - 4.93 dS m-1, while the other two clusters contain high Na-exchangeable and EC ranging from 0.101 - 0.581 dS m-1. Rice productivity under waterlogging-low salinity is <1 t ha-1, no waterlogging-low salinity is 3.63 t ha-1, and waterlogging-high salinity is 2.48 t ha-1. There are negative correlations between Na-exchangeable, water depth, and duration of waterlogging to rice yield (R2= -0.33; R2= -0.58; R2= -0.90). Multiple stresses cause limiting factors, and low soil chemical properties can inhibit plant development. The presence of waterlogging-low salinity has a strong impact on decreasing rice yield. Finally, our study provides an overview of the coastal agricultural land of Pangandaran based on multiple stresses. Furthermore, improved soil properties are needed with good management techniques to make it suitable for rice cultivation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nasrudin Nasrudin, Budiastuti Kurniasih, Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra, Eko Hanudin, Elisa Azura Azman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Soil physico-chemical properties and microbial diversity on chilli anthracnose disease severity in Northern Karnataka, India
Chilli anthracnose disease causes a huge commercial loss in the globe. Studying soil physico-chemical properties is crucial to understand chilli anthracnose because these properties significantly affect the efficacy of biocontrol agents and herbicides used to manage the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the relative percentage of disease incidence (% DI) of chilli anthracnose in dominant chilli growing areas of Northern Karnataka in India and its relationship to soil properties. The soil physico-chemical (texture, moisture, density, pH, EC, OC, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Cu, Fe, and B) properties, microbial (fungi and bacteria) diversity of 17 soil samples were analysed by standard protocols and evaluated their correlation with % DI, using Pearson correlation and cluster analysis method. Highest % DI was found in Shira with more value of pH (8.45), and Mg (14.63 meq 100 g-1), whereas in Nela with more value of EC (0.38%), moisture (46%), and Ca (33.83 meq 100 g-1), and also in the regions where the beneficial microbes were less in number (Tegg, Shira, Agad and Nela). The results obtained from Pearson correlation indicated that % DI was positively correlated to moisture (r=0.851**, P=0.01), EC (r=0.488*, P=0.05) and negatively correlated to Pseudomonas sp. (r=-0.322*, P=0.05). The present study provides comprehensive information about the role of physical, chemical and biological properties of soil characteristics responsible for the development of anthracnose disease prevalence and reducing soil quality as well as chilli production under natural conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Simran Panigatti, Prof. Dr. Devarajan Thangadurai, Dr..Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Dr. Ravichandra Hospet, Dr. Govardhana Guggalada Yadav, Dr. Smita Shinde, Dr. Vijaykumar Narayanaswamy Kondenahalli, Dr. Prabhudeva Shantappa Ajjappalavara, Poojashree Nagappa Kummur, Dr. Umesh Madar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Chemical properties analysis of liquid and semi-solid bioconversion products from organic waste and their effects on soil fertility and sweet corn yield
Food security remains a critical global challenge, particularly as land degradation, driven by excessive use of synthetic fertilizers, continues to threaten soil fertility and crop productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of liquid and semi-solid fermented organic waste and their effects on several soil chemical properties and sweet corn yield. The experiment was conducted in a corn field in Pagerwangi Village, West Java, Indonesia. The experiment used a Split-Plot Design with three replications. The main plot was the fermented waste product treatment, which consisted of three levels: no product (A0), liquid product (A1), and semi-solid product (A2). The subplot was the N-P-K dose level, which consisted of four levels: 0 N-P-K (a0), 1/2 N-P-K dose (a1), 3/4 N-P-K dose (a2), and standard N-P-K dose (a3). The research findings indicated that the macro and microelements present in semi-solid products were several times higher compared to liquid ones. Furthermore, the microbial population in semi-solid products exhibited higher density compared to liquid products. Field tests also demonstrated that both liquid product (A1) and semi-solid product (A2) significantly increased total nitrogen, organic-C, and soil pH compared to the control (A0). The highest sweet corn productivity was observed in treatment A2, with a yield increase of 47.62% compared to the control. The research results suggested that the use of fermented organic waste products could enhance soil fertility and sweet corn production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emma Trinurani Sofyan, Stefina Liana Sari, Saefur Rohman, Indra Permana, Rahmat Budiarto, Mansour Ghorbanpour, Sastrika Anindita http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Rainfall, drought, and irrigation in relation to crop patterns in the volcanic topo sequence of Central Java, Indonesia
The uncertainty in precipitation patterns resulting from climate change may contribute to uncertainties in the growing seasons and productivity of rice and other agricultural commodities. This study aimed to examine the changes in precipitation and cropping patterns across various topographic sequences of volcanic regions in Central Java, Indonesia. Precipitation data from 33 rainfall stations across three topographic sequences (0-400 meters, 400-700 meters, and above 700 meters above sea level, categorized as high, mid, and lowlands, respectively) were analyzed to understand cropping patterns using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The findings revealed that farmers' actual cropping patterns were not primarily influenced by precipitation levels but rather by soil suitability. Moreover, the frequency of drought occurrences, as indicated by the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), did not significantly impact cropping patterns or crop yields. Instead, agricultural yields were found to be dependent on irrigation infrastructure rather than precipitation levels. This study sheds light on the importance of adaptation and mitigation strategies to address the adverse impacts of climate change on agricultural management across different topographic sequences.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sumani, Komariah, Suntoro, Mujiyo , Hayat Ullah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Enhancing soil carbon stocks and soybean yields in coastal areas through the application of biofertilizers
Climate change driven by increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has a significant impact on agricultural systems, particularly in coastal areas that are prone to rising salinity and decreased soil quality. The application of biofertilizers as a strategy for enhancing soil carbon stocks is crucial, given their role in promoting microbial activity and nutrient availability, leading to soil fertility. This study aimed to evaluate the role of biofertilizers in increasing soil carbon stocks and soybean yields in coastal areas. The research was conducted from April to December 2024 in Bengkulu City. The field experiment was designed in a split-plot design, with the main plot was soybean varieties at two levels (i.e., Anjasmoro and Dering I), and the subplot was fertilizer inputs at four levels (i.e., recommended inorganic fertilizer, AMF + Bradyrhizobium + potassium solvent, Bradyrhizobium + phosphate solvent + potassium solvent, and Bioenzyme). The application of biofertilizers and bioenzymes effectively increased soil carbon stock. The potassium-solubilizing microbial population had a greater influence on carbon stocks than the phosphate-solubilizing population and AMF. The use of biofertilizers and bioenzymes also improved soil biological properties and nutrient absorption, thereby contributing to increase soybean yields. This study provides evidence to support government policies promoting biofertilizer use in agriculture, including training and extension programs for farmers, particularly in coastal areas, to improve soil quality, enhance yields, and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers which are often expensive and can degrade soil quality in the long term.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yudhi Harini Bertham http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mesolandform classification and its relationship with smallholder coffee production in the Malang Regency, Indonesia
Mesolandform analysis is necessary for smallholder coffee land management because it can clearly distinguish landform boundaries. Automatic mesolandform classification utilizes geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing technology using the topographic position index (TPI), slope, curvature, lithology, land use, and normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI). This study aims to classify the mesolandform of smallholder coffee plantations and determine its relationship attributes with coffee production. The data included the Digital Elevation Model, lithology map, Sentinel 2 A harmonized image, and actual coffee production. The spatial analysis was performed using ArcGIS 10.8 and QGIS 3.1.6, and the statistical data analysis was performed using RStudio. Mesolandform affects coffee production (p < 0.0001) and was significantly related to it. The highest production was found on the open slope mesolandform, with coffee production ranging from 7.13 to 9.95 tons/ha. Mesolandform attributes have a significant effect on coffee production increase (R2 = 0.69) on land characteristics with high coffee vegetation density (NDVI > 0.6), topographic position in open slope to flat (TPI 0–2), dominant slope is flat to undulating (<8%), and land curvatures are level or convergent foot slope (<2). The research results can support the sustainable management of smallholder coffee plantations based on mesolandform attributes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dinna Hadi Sholikah, Jamhuri Jamaluddin, Abdul Wahid Hasyim, Mochtar Lutfi Rayes, Haidar Fari Aditya, Soemarno Soemarno http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of the ecological state and health of oil-contaminated Luvic Phaeozems Albic, Gleyic Albeluvisols, and Greyic Phaeozems after remediation by biochar
Oil pollution in soil endangers the health of the natural ecosystem on a larger scale. However, the application of biochar as an oil-contaminated soil rehabilitative amendment material is an ecologically friendly practice that supports soil ecological function. Thus, the research was carried out to evaluate ecological and environmental changes and the health condition of biochar-treated oil-polluted Luvic Phaeozems, Albic, Gleyic Albeluvisols, and Greyic Phaeozems Albic soils. A controlled laboratory experiment was set up for 30 days, during which the soils were artificially oil-contaminated at 5% of the soil weight and treated with biochar derived from birch at 10% of the soil weight. At the end of the experiment period, a range of physical, chemical, and biological properties indices were determined. The findings showed that the application of biochar raised the integral biological condition indicator by 77% in Gleyic Albeluvisols, 47% in Luvic Phaeozems Albic, and 18% in Greyic Phaeozems Albic relative to oil-contaminated untreated controls. Moreover, adding biochar resulted in petroleum hydrocarbon content reduction by 48%, 41%, and 33% in Gleyic Albeluvisols, Luvic Phaeozems Albic, and Greyic Phaeozems Albic soils, respectively. These results confirm the efficiency of biochar as an effective agent for the improvement of the oil-contaminated soil health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anna Ruseva, Tatiana Minnikova, Sergey Kolesnikov, Elizaveta Kushnareva, Maxim Desyatnikov http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Peat soil treatment using hydrogen peroxide and its adsorption towards potassium ion (K+) in aqueous solution
Peat soil contains functional groups such as carboxylic acid and hydroxyls that bind metal ions and organic compounds in solution. However, the adsorption capacity of natural peat soil is still considered low. Therefore, this study aims to alter the peat surface using a hydrogen peroxide solution and to utilize the resulting peat as an adsorbent for K+ ions in an aqueous solution. Peat soil was treated with a 10% hydrogen peroxide solution for 30 minutes. The infrared spectra of the treated peat indicated an increase in the intensity of hydroxyl groups (-OH) at 3400 cm-1 and a sharp increase in carboxylic groups (-COOH) at 1700 cm-1. SEM photos showed that the porosity of the treated peat was higher, probably due to oxidation reactions that resulted in new pores on the surface, and BET analysis confirmed the increase in surface area upon treatment. During the adsorption experiment, the residual concentrations of K+ ions were determined using AAS. The adsorption capacities of raw and treated peat were 37.40 mg g-1 and 59.53 mg g-1, respectively. When fitted using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models, the adsorption data plots followed the Freundlich isotherm model, indicating reversible adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation showed that the interaction energy between peat soil and K+ ions was lower after treatment, indicating that K+ ions bind to exchange sites on the treated peat soil.
Copyright (c) 2025 Galuh Yuliani, Suci Karina, Mita Nurhayati, Siska Mutiara, Mamun Mollah, Shangeetha Ganesan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, Fourier-transform infrared, and scanning-electron-microscope analysis of biochar from marine organic waste
Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) study are important methods for characterizing biochar produced from marine organic waste. Each technique provides insights into the physical and chemical structure of biochar, which are essential for understanding its properties and potential as a soil amendment. The purpose of characterizing biochar from marine organic waste by BET method is to specify the superficies point, pore size, and total pore volume of the biochar, FTIR to identify the characterization of organic compounds, and SEM to understand the microstructure of the biochar. BET test results indicate that biochar from marine organic waste has a superficies point of 6.213m²g-1, a pore size of 21.690Å, and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) adsorption and desorption pore volumes of 0.040cc g-1 and 0.035cc g-1, respectively. This biochar demonstrates a higher adsorption capacity. FTIR tests reveal that the functional groups and chemical content of the biochar from marine organic waste include six types of vibrations with different wavenumbers and % transmittance values. SEM analysis at various magnifications shows that the biochar from marine organic waste (MOW) has a complex pore structure. The characterization of biochar derived from MOW illustrates its potential as a cost-effective soil amendment and environmental remediation material. Its microstructure suggests long-term stability in soil, supporting carbon sequestration and improved soil health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Benny Hidayat, Nur Ulina Warnisyah Sebayang, Jamilah Jamilah, Adhira Mahardika http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Methane (CH₄) emissions exceeding the threshold from chilli cultivation mulching practices in Sleman Regency, Indonesia
Methane (CH₄) is a potent greenhouse gas contributing to global warming, although there is limited information on its emissions dynamics in dryland horticulture. Chilli cultivation practices comprising fertilization and mulching may influence CH₄ emissions through alterations in soil temperature and moisture. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different mulching practices on CH₄ emissions and determine the threshold for sustainable chilli cultivation in tropical dryland conditions. A field experiment was conducted in Sleman, Indonesia, using a randomized block design with three mulch treatments. These included unmulched treatment (M0), organic mulch (M1), and plastic mulch (M2), each replicated three times. Gas sampling was performed biweekly for 112 days using the closed chamber method. Soil temperature and Volumetric Water Content (VWC) were recorded using in situ sensors. The results showed that mulch treatments significantly influenced CH₄ emissions (p < 0.001). M1 produced the highest average CH₄ flux (0.114 mg m⁻² h⁻¹), followed by M2 (0.043 mg m⁻² h⁻¹) and M0 (0.016 mg m⁻² h⁻¹). All treatments exceeded the calculated CH₄ threshold of 0.145 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ under certain conditions. These results showed the need for careful mulching selection to reduce environmental impact and support the development of CH₄ emissions threshold for sustainable dryland horticulture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aristya Ardhitama, Bayu Dwi Apri Nugroho, Junun Sartohadi, Supari Supari, Reni Kraningtyas, Riana Listanti, Khaeruniah Hikmah Taulani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spatial-based analysis for risk erosion hazard in Jordan
Soil erosion is a critical environmental issue in Jordan, particularly due to the country’s fragile ecosystems, steep slopes, and varying climatic conditions. It poses significant threats to agricultural productivity, natural resource conservation, and land sustainability. This study aims to provide a detailed spatial assessment of soil erosion risk across Jordan and identify erosion-prone zones to support informed decision-making in land management. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model, integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, was employed to estimate soil loss and map erosion severity. The model incorporated essential factors including rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness, vegetation cover, and conservation practices. Erosion rates were categorized into three classes: low (0–10 tons ha-1 year-1), moderate (10–50 tons ha-1 year-1), and high (>50 tons ha-1 year-1). Results revealed that 94% of Jordan’s land is subject to low erosion risk, 5% to moderate risk, and approximately 1% to high risk. The areas most vulnerable to erosion are located in the northern and central highlands and parts of the Jordan Valley, primarily due to their steep topography and higher precipitation levels. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating RUSLE with GIS to identify critical erosion hotspots and inform targeted soil conservation strategies, contributing to more sustainable land use planning in arid and semi-arid regions like Jordan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Doaa Abuhamoor, Lubna AlMahasneh, Abdel Razzaq Al Tawaha http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Differential herbicide persistence and shifts in soil bacterial communities in Alfisol and Inceptisol
Weeds significantly reduce crop yields and promote herbicide use, accounting for 80% of agricultural pesticides. However, herbicide persistence and toxicity adversely affect soil microbial communities, impacting soil health and productivity. This study compared the effects of organic (Vinegar-weed-care: acetic acid) and chemical herbicides (PrimextraGold: Atrazine + S-metolachlor; Imazapyr: Isopropyl amine) on soil bacteria in Alfisol and Inceptisol from Ibadan, Nigeria. Soils were analysed for physical properties and microbial DNA, and herbicide degradation was tracked using GC-MS at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Alfisol exhibited higher fertility with pH 6.2, organic carbon 3.9 g kg-1, nitrogen 0.7 g kg-1, and phosphorus 25.9 mg kg-1, compared to Inceptisol (pH 5.5, organic carbon 1.9 g kg-1, nitrogen 0.6 g kg-1, phosphorus 20.8 mg kg-1). Herbicide persistence was greater in Alfisol: metolachlor (84.94%) and Imazapyr (61.00%) vs. Inceptisol (52.55% and 50.15%, respectively). Organic herbicide metabolites also persisted more in Alfisol (35.13%) than in Inceptisol (28.00%). In non-sterile Alfisol, biodegradation of PrimextraGold and Imazapyr was lower (43.46% and 10.30%) than in sterile soils (53.97% and 16.17%), while the organic herbicide biodegraded more in non-sterile (23.49%) than in sterile (17.08%). In non-sterile Inceptisol, Imazapyr degraded less (8.94%–31.72%) than in sterile (29.49%–34.75%), but atrazine degraded more in non-sterile (61.96%–68.17%). Organic acetamide degraded better in non-sterile Inceptisol (23.42%–90.5%) than in sterile (12.47%–30.7%). Chemical herbicides reduced Candidatus Udaeobacter, Pedosphaera, and Chthoniobacter in Alfisol, while organic herbicides enhanced them in both soils. These findings highlight the ecological benefits of soil-friendly organic herbicides.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amarachi Grace Nwokocha, Sani Idris, Adeniyi Ogunjobi, Olajire Fagbola, Sonny T.M. Lee http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dynamics of soil fertility and rice productivity in irrigated rice fields under different cropping patterns
Irrigated rice fields serve as the primary land for rice production. Whether continuous rice cultivation or alternating with secondary crops, the cropping pattern in these filelds depends on water supply. These differences in cropping patterns will affect the soil's nutrient dynamics and rice productivity. This research aims to analyze the soil fertility dynamics and rice productivity in irrigated rice fields under different cropping patterns. The study used an oversite design with two factors, namely cropping patterns (rice-rice-rice (R-R-R), rice-rice-corn (R-R-C), and rice-rice-soybean (R-R-S)), and superior varieties (Inpari 23 and Mentik wangi). The results showed that the overall fertility of irrigated rice fields was low, with crucial limiting factors being deficiencies in total N, available P, and K nutrients. Differences in cropping patterns on Inceptisol significantly affect available P. The R-R-R cropping pattern, including the Inpari 23 and Mentik wangi varieties, provided the highest productivity, reaching 6.5-6.9 t ha-1. Selecting the right superior varieties and those by cropping patterns can increase the dry milled grain (MDG) yields by 23.52-30.1% compared to other superior varieties. Sufficient water availability throughout the growing phase can increase rice productivity by 33.3 -56.2% (1.5-2.3 times). Therefore, the key to intensive rice field management is not only to pay attention to soil fertility (nutrient dynamics), fertilization (organic and inorganic), and pest and disease control, but also to ensure the availability of sufficient water during cultivation and to use superior varieties. This research is beneficial for farmers, stakeholders, and the government in efforts to increase food security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agus Suprihatin, Rufaidah Qonita Muslim, Niluh Putu Sri Ratmini, Waluyo Waluyo, Suparwoto Suparwoto, Jumakir Jumakir, Yustisia Yustisia, Budi Raharjo, Anden Siti Fatimah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sustainable wheat subspecies mixtures production by evaluating morphological traits and stability analysis of different varieties in different environments in Jordan
Climate change and water scarcity present significant challenges to food security in arid and semi-arid regions, such as Jordan. Grains—particularly wheat—are essential for nutrition and national food security. This study addresses sustainable wheat production strategies under semi-arid conditions, focusing on the utilization of morphological characteristics through targeted breeding programs. Assessing genetic diversity is a critical prerequisite for evaluating population adaptation to novel environmental conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological traits and yield stability of seven certified wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties—ACSAD65, Ammoun, Cham1, Dair Alla6, Hourani, Mixture, and Um Qais—across three contrasting environments at Maru, Mushager, and Rabbah. These sites represent diverse agro-ecological zones within the semi-arid landscape of Jordan. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in a 3×7 factorial split-plot arrangement, where the three locations served as main plots and the wheat varieties as subplots. Results indicated that both location and growing season significantly affected yield and its components. The variety Um Qais exhibited the highest grain yield, while the mixture showed poor performance. Among the locations, Maru demonstrated superior performance in terms of biological yield, grain yield, straw yield, and harvest index, followed by Mushager and Rabbah. According to GGE biplot analysis, Um Qais emerged as the ideal genotype for grain yield, achieving the highest mean performance across all locations. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, agricultural researchers, and farmers by identifying high-yielding and stable wheat varieties that are adapted to local semi-arid environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amal Al Khatib, Nawal Al Hajaj, Yahya Bani Khalaf, Shihnaz Bsharat, Yansi Khasawneh, Mahmoud Al Hwayan, Ahamed Albatainah, Awad Al-Ka'abnh, Abdel Razzaq Al Tawaha, Maisaa Haddadin, Arun Karnwal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Chemical modification of biochar’s functional groups enhances phosphate and arsenite adsorption
Anionic arsenic (As) species and phosphate often show similar behavior in soils. Bioavailability of these anionic species has a significant implication for crop production and soil health. Biochar (BC) is considered an effective amendment for managing these anionic species. This study aims to evaluate how surface-modified biochars influence phosphate and arsenite adsorption. Biochars with a range of functionalities were produced using mineral doping, and chemical oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. These biochars were then characterized using different chemical techniques, including FTIR. Next, a phosphorus adsorption study was conducted with fresh, mineral-doped and chemically oxidized biochars. A desorption study was also conducted to understand the strength of sorption. Moreover, an adsorption study was carried out using three different biochars fresh, oxidized, and doped in interaction with As. Our results showed that chemical oxidation increased oxygen-containing functional groups while mineral impregnation decreased their presence, resulting in a reduction in cation exchange capacity. As a result, phosphate adsorption was significantly higher with mineral- doped biochar (2.5 mg g-1 biochar) than in fresh biochar (2.2 mg g-1 biochar) treatment. The strength of binding was higher for positively charged biochars. Similar to phosphate, the As adsorption was also higher in the doped biochar (~0.50 mg g-1 biochar) than oxidized biochar (0.20 mg g-1biochar). Surprisingly, the As adsorption was higher in the oxidized BC than fresh BC possibly due to its co-adsorption with cations. Altogether, our results suggest that biochar with positive surfaces could strongly bind negatively charged ions from aqueous solutions and soils.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Rayhan Ahmed, Shamim Mia, Md. Abdus Sattar, M. M. Masud, S. M. Mahabubul Alam, Sohela Akter, Md. Sharif Mia, Sanjida Aktar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Estimation of water use efficiency (WUE) for efficient irrigation level of oil palm during the main nursery phase
The water requirement of oil palm depends on the growth phase (e.g., higher demand during vegetative expansion), environmental conditions (e.g., increased under high vapour pressure deficit), and agricultural practices (e.g., reduced demand through effective water management). Therefore, the water used for oil palm nurseries should be used efficiently to preserve environmental sustainability. The main objective of this research was to determine the water use efficiency (WUE) of oil palm during the main nursery phase. The study evaluated several irrigation strategies inside and outside the greenhouse, including fixed daily watering (two liters per seedling), irrigation based on actual evapotranspiration (ETa), rainfall-dependent watering, and no irrigation. In the outdoor treatments, one group of seedlings was irrigated according to ETa, but watering was withheld when daily rainfall exceeded five mm, while another group received two liters per day only when rainfall was below five mm. These two treatments showed the highest daily evapotranspiration rates, greater vegetative growth, and higher biomass accumulation compared to the other treatments. Notably, the ETa-based treatment was recorded as having the highest water use efficiency (WUE). This study concludes that water loss during evapotranspiration is the main determining factor for irrigation volume. Therefore, irrigation in oil palm nurseries should be based on ETa to improve efficiency and lower costs. These findings offer practical guidance for farmers or plantation management to support more sustainable and cost-effective irrigation practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Iput Pradiko, Rana Farrasati, Nuzul Hijri Darlan, Sumaryanto Sumaryanto, Dhaffa Agung Thirafi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pedotransfer functions for soil organic carbon stock and soil porosity interpretation in diverse palm oil plantation soils
The accurate estimation of soil organic carbon stocks (SOCs) is crucial in sustainable oil palm plantation management. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) serve as an essential predictive tool for enhancing the interpretation and estimation of soil organic carbon stocks (SOCs) and soil porosity. This study aims to improve the precision of SOCs and soil porosity predictions across diverse soil types within oil palm plantations through the application of PTFs. The study was conducted using a survey approach and descriptive exploration in an oil palm plantation in Seruyan District, Central Kalimantan. The study area encompassed four distinct soil types (Alfisols, Inceptisols, Ultisols, and Entisols), with six replicates for each soil type. Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0–60 cm. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, Tukey’s pairwise comparisons, correlation, and stepwise regression. The results indicated that soil types within oil palm plantations did not significantly affect SOCs but significantly impacted soil porosity. SOCs and porosity estimated using PTFs were lower than those estimated without PTFs. Specifically, SOCs analysis with PTFs ranged from 3.4 to 7.1 kg m-²; without PTFs, the range was higher, between 8.1 and 10.9 kg m-². Among the soil types, Entisols exhibited higher porosity with PTFs (51.3%), while Ultisols had the lowest porosity (37.9%). The PTFs provide better predictions for SOCs and porosity, and predictor variables that contribute the most are sand, silt, bulk density (BD), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). PTFs provide an advanced, data-driven approach to assessing SOCs and soil porosity in oil palm plantations, supporting the development of smarter, sustainable, and highly efficient management strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Riris Srigayuh Tegarningtyas Tinuntun, Widyatmani Sih Dewi, Mujiyo Mujiyo, Aktavia Herawati, Angger Cahyo, Bagus Guritno Widjojo, Bangun Budi Prasetyo, Kotroczó Zsolt http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reducing potassium leaching in peat soil using potassium zeolite-based fertilizer (ZEKA)
Using peat soils for agricultural purposes is challenged by low fertilizer efficiency, especially potassium chloride (KCl). On the other hand, zeolite is a potential material to produce slow-release fertilizers to improve fertilizer efficiency. This study aims to evaluate and compare potassium leaching from a conventional potassium fertilizer, KCl, and a zeolite-based potassium fertilizer, ZEKA, on peat soil columns. The ZEKA fertilizer was produced using two different zeolite particle sizes: coarse zeolite (ZC) and fine zeolite (ZF). The K leached from the fertilizers was measured in a peat soil column. Three zeolite-based potassium fertilizers were formulated: (1) 40% potassium-impregnated zeolite and 60% KCl; (2) 50% potassium-impregnated zeolite and 50% KCl; and (3) 60% potassium-impregnated zeolite and 40% KCl. Since two different sizes of zeolite were used in this study—coarse zeolite (ZC) and fine zeolite (ZF)—the results of the formulation are referred to as follows: ZC-1, ZC-2, ZC-3, ZF-1, ZF-2, and ZF-3. The experiment was completely randomized with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments were as follows: (1) control, (2) KCl, (3) ZC-1, (4) ZC-2, (5) ZC-3, (6) ZF-1, (7) ZF-2, and (8) ZF-3. The findings revealed that ZC-1 and ZF-1 were the most effective ZEKA fertilizer formulations, with total potassium leached of 1.84 grams and 1.05 grams, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that the total potassium leached from ZEKA fertilizer was 1.71 grams, while the total potassium leached from KCl fertilizer was 2.83 grams. The results showed that ZEKA fertilizer reduced potassium leaching by around 40% compared to KCl fertilizer. Furthermore, the results of this study can be used to improve the efficiency of potassium fertilizer, particularly in agricultural practices on the peatlands.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eko Noviandi Ginting, Syaiful Anwar, Budi Nugroho, Suroso Rahutomo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Nano-Biochar: A promising tool for sustainable agriculture under climate change era
Nano-biochar, a highly porous and innovative material derived from biomass, presents significant opportunities for sustainable agriculture and environmental remediation. Its unique sponge-like structure enables exceptional carbon capture and sequestration, contributing to long-term improvements in soil fertility and acting as a vital tool in climate change mitigation. This review explores the properties and production methods of nano-biochar, highlighting its enhanced nutrient retention, controlled release capabilities, and superior water-holding capacity compared to traditional biochar. These characteristics not only enhance plant growth and agricultural productivity but also promote a healthier soil ecosystem by stimulating microbial activity. Furthermore, nano-biochar's ability to adsorb heavy metals and organic pollutants offers promising applications in soil and water remediation, thus preventing environmental contamination. Despite its numerous advantages, the review identifies critical knowledge gaps regarding the long-term ecological impacts of nano-biochar and the best practices for its production and application. The paper calls for further research to address these challenges and optimize the use of nano-biochar, ensuring its responsible development within agricultural systems. By integrating insights from current literature, this review contributes to a comprehensive understanding of nano-biochar's potential and outlines future research directions to enhance its effectiveness in promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nallagatla Vinod Kumar, Pallavi K.N, Priyadarshani Rajput, Bhargavi B., Mandapelli Sharath Chandra, Pebbeti Chandana, Rayapati Karthik, Peace Raising L, Naveen Kumar, Rajan Bhatt, Tatiana Minkina, Vishnu D Rajput http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Re-evaluating the evidence of aflatoxin B1 intercalation into smectite interlayer: a review based on basal spacing data
The bonding mechanism of aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) onto smectite in the batch adsorption test remains a subject of ongoing debate. One key aspect under contention is whether the interlayer of smectite is accessible to the AfB1 molecule. Some researchers contested the possibility of AfB1 intercalation into the smectite interlayer by highlighting the lack of discernible differences in basal spacing value before and after the adsorption experiment. Conversely, others have advanced the opposite argument based on observations indicating an increase in basal spacing value after adsorption. This study aims to resolve the discrepancy through a comparative examination of data from several previous studies that reported basal spacing values derived from X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, both before and after adsorption tests. By also considering the characteristic swelling behavior of smectite, this comparative examination explains the differing perspectives. The lack of discernible differences in basal spacing value pre- and post-adsorption tests, which was interpreted as the absence of AfB1 intercalation, was attributed to the fact that the initial samples were inherently in hydrated condition, as indicated by basal spacing values of 1.41 to 1.59 nm, whereas in the dry state, these values would typically be ~0.98 to ~1.0 nm, thereby precluding further expansion. Consistent with a previous study that suggested AfB1 bonding to smectite in hydrated conditions occurred through hydrogen bonding within the interlayer, we propose that the hydration state of smectite will significantly influence AfB1 uptake. Thus, further research of adsorption test to investigate the relationship between AfB1 uptake as a function of the hydration state on smectite minerals is strongly suggested.
Copyright (c) 2025 Widyawanto Prastistho, Cintya Nurul Apsari, Niar Gusnaniar, Wawan Budianta, Michael Angelo B. Promentilla, Setyowati Triastuti Utami http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0