Terms For Parents Across Cultures Universally Reflecting Sounds And Words Acquisition By The Children

Surono Surono

Abstract

Abstract: This research is intended to reveal the universal phonemes contained in the terms for parents acquired by children living di different cultures. This descriptive qualitative research took subjects consisting of incidentally encountered Javanese and Indonesian people from different cultures and documents in forms of videos and electronic sources. The cultures were limited to Javanese, Indonesian, Arabic, and English. The data were gathered by using observation, intuition and noting techniques. Then, the comparative method and articulatory identity method were used to analyze the data. The research findings showed that the children living in different cultures in one country and in different countries acquired similar limited vowel and consonant phonemes contained in the terms for parents with some exceptions. Based on minimal vocalic system, children tend to acquire more vowels for addressing their mothers than for their fathers and they acquire various consonants for addressing their mothers and fathers. Then, the phonemes universally found in the similarly acquired words were /a/, /i/, /u/ for vowels but partially universal for consonants. It implies that in different cultures either within one country or different countries, the children acquire the sounds and the words as one unit to reflect the universal principles of language acquisition.  

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap fonem-fonem universal dalam istilah-istilah pengacu orang tua yang diperoleh anak dari budaya yang berbeda. Penelitian deskriptif kualitatif ini mengambil subjek yang terdiri dari orang Jawa dan Indonesia yang ditemui secara incidental dari budaya yang berbeda dan dari dokumen berbentuk video dan sumber elektronik. Budaya di sini dibatasi pada budaya Jawa, Indonesia, Arab, dan Inggris. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik observasi, intuisi, dan catat. Kemudian, metode komparatif dan metode padan artikulatoris digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anak-anak dari budaya yang berbeda di satu negara dan berbeda negara secara universal memperoleh vokal dan konsonan terbatas dalam istilah-istilah pengacu orang tua dengan perkecualian. Berdasarkan sistem vokal minimal, anak-anak cenderung memperoleh lebih banyak vokal pada istilah-istilah pengacu ibu daripada ayah dan mereka memperoleh berbagai konsonan pada istilah-istilah pengacu ibu dan ayah. Kemudian, fonem-fonem yang secara universal ditemukan dalam istilah-istilah tersebut adalah / a /, / i /, / u / untuk vokal, sedangkan untuk konsonan diperoleh secara parsial berdasarkan sistem konsonan minimal. Ini menyiratkan bahwa dalam budaya yang berbeda baik di satu negara atau berbeda negara, anak-anak memperoleh bunyi-bunyi dan kata-kata sebagai satu kesatuan dalam istilah-istilah tersebut untuk mencerminkan adanya prinsip universal dalam pemerolehan bahasa.

Keywords

Culture, Language Acquisition; Sounds and Words; Terms for Parents

Full Text:

PDF

References

Adnyani, N.L.P.S., & Pastika, I.W. (2016). Phonological development in the early speech of an Indonesian-German bilingual child. Research in Language, 14(3), 329-350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/rela-2016-0017

Anggaira, A.S. (2016). Pemerolehan fonologi dan metatesis: Studi kasus pada anak usia 2 tahun 10 bulan. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, 16(2), 213-224. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v16i2.4483

Arifuddin. (2010). Neuropsikolinguistik. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada.

Arsanti, M. (2014). Pemerolehan bahasa pada anak (Kajian psikolinguistik). Jurnal PBSI, 3(2), 24-47. http://research.unissula.ac.id/file/publikasi/211315023/3959t__PEMEROLEHAN_BAHASA_PADA_ANAK.pdf

Dardjowidjojo, S. (2003). Psikolinguistik. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

Fatmawati, S.R. (2015). Pemerolehan bahasa pertama anak menurut tinjauan psikolinguistik. Lentera, XVIII(1), 63-75. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/195452-ID-pemerolehan-bahasa-pertama-anak-menurut.pdf

Fitriani, S. (2019). A child language acquisition in Indonesian and English language: A longitudinal case study. Register Journal, 12(2), 126-156. https://doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v12i2.126-156

Gömleksiz, M.N. (2001). The effects of age and motivation factors on second language acquisition. Firat University Journal of Social Science, 11(2), 217-224. https://www.academia.edu/1284488/The_effects_of_age_and_motivation_factors_on_second_language_acquisition

Hausser, R. (2004). What if Chomsky were right? Child Language, 31(2004), 919–922. DOI: 10.1017/S030500090400635X

Hidayah, Y.F.N. (n.d.). Pemerolehan kosakata anak usia 3-6 tahun di PG-TK Aisyiah Bhustanul Atfhal 25 Wage-Sidoarjo. Skriptorium, 1(2), 143-153. http://journal.unair.ac.id

Hochmann, J.R., Benavides-Varela, S., Nespor, M., & Mehler, J. (2011). Consonants and vowels: different roles in early language acquisition. Developmental Science, 14(6), 1445-1458. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01089.x

Ingram. D. (1999). First language acquisition: Method, description, and explanation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jacobson, R. (1971). Why papa and mama? In Perspectives in Psychological Theory Dedicated to Heinz Werner. New York: Reprinted in Roman Jacobson, Selected writing I, 538-545. Moulton

Kelly, B., Wigglesworth, G., Nordlinger, R., & Blythe, J. (2014). The acquisition of polysynthetic languages. Language and Linguistics Compass, 8(2), 51-64. doi:10.1111/lnc3.12062

Khansir, A.A. (2012). Error analysis and second language acquisition. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(5), 1027-1032. doi:10.4304/tpls.2.5.1027-1032

Lidz, J. (2010) .Language Learning and Language Universals. Biolinguistics, 4(2-3), 201-217, 2010. http://www.biolinguistics.eu

Lynch, A. (2008). The linguistic similarities of Spanish heritage and second language learners. Foreign Language Annals, 41(2), 252-381. doi:10.1111/j.1944-9720.2008.tb03292.x

Macken, M. A., & Ferguson, C. A. (1981). Phonological universals in language acquisition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 379(1), 110–129. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb42002.x

Mahsun. (2005). Metode penelitian bahasa. Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindo Persada.

Maulidya, R. (2020). Persamaan dan perbedaan antara istilah kekerabatan dalam bahasa Arab dan bahasa Indonesia. Seminar Nasional Bahasa Arab Mahasiswa IV 2020. Prosiding Semnasbama IV UM Jilid 1 Peran Mahasiswa Bahasa Arab dalam Menghadapi Revolusi Industri 4.0. 473-484. https://prosiding.arab-um.com/index.php/semnasbama/article/view/612

McMahon, A. (2002). An introduction to English phonology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ld.

O’Grady, W., Dobrovolksy, M., & Katamba, F. (eds). (1996). Contemporary linguistics: An introduction. Essex, U.K.: Pearson Education Limited.

Prabha, D.C., & Raja, B.W.D. (2021). Gender differences in English language acquisition. Annals of R.S.C.B., 25(5), 3914-3917. https://www.annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/5056

Rakhlin, N. V., Aljughaiman, A., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2019). Assessing language development in Arabic: The Arabic language: Evaluation of function (ALEF). Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 1-16. doi:10.1080/21622965.2019.1596113

Rice, M. L. (1989). Children's language acquisition. American. Psychologist, 44(2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.2.149

Salnita, Y.E., Atmazaki , Abdurrahman. (2019). Pemerolehan Bahasa pada Anak Usia 3 Tahun. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 3(1), 137–145. DOI: 10.31004/obsesi.v3i1.159

Sholihah, R.A. (2018). Kontak bahasa: kedwibahasaan, alih kode, campur kode, interferensi, dan intergrasi. The 3r d Annual International Conference on Islamic Education 24-25 Februari 2018, 361-376. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340874997

Suardi, I.P, Syahrul, R., & Asri, Y. (2019). Pemerolehan bahasa pertama pada anak usia dini. Jurnal Obsesi: Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 3(1), 265 – 273. DOI: 10.31004/obsesi.v3i1.160

Sudartinah, T. (2008). The role of parentese in first language acquisition: A psycholinguistic study. Joumat of Engish and Education, 2(1). 54-66. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312663986

Sudaryanto. (2015). Metode dan aneka teknik analisis bahasa. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University Press. Sugiyono. (2013). Cara mudah menyusun skripsi, tesis, dan disertasi. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Thyab, R.A. (2016). Mother-tongue interference in the acquisition of English articles by L1 Arabic students. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(3), 1-4. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1089791

Yıldırım, D. (2020). Language Development in Children. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350950402

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.