Analysis of Politeness Strategy of Directive Addressed to Jojo in “Jojo Rabbit” Film

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
In an interaction for expressing themselves, people can deliver an utterance not only in grammatical structures and words as a statement but also in performing actions (Yule, 1996).The utterance with performed action is called speech act.Three related acts including locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act are proposed by Austin (1962).Furthermore, there are types of illocutionary acts: assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative.Directive speech act emphasizes on the speaker's attempt to get the hearer to do something (Searle, 1976).
In delivering the directive, the speaker needs to consider the hearer's face and the context of situation to achieve the goal of the conversation.To ignore doing Face Threatening Act or FTA, the speaker employs such a strategy to minimize the threat.The strategy is referred to as the politeness strategy.The types of politeness strategy are bald on record, positive politeness strategy, negative politeness strategy, and off record.
The types of directives addressed to Jojo and politeness strategy used in the directive extended to Jojo as the main character in Jojo Rabbit film will be examined in this study.The theory of the types of directives and politeness strategy are applied in conducting the study.Jojo Rabbit film emphasizes the main character, Johannes "Jojo" Betzler, a ten-year-old member of the Hitler Youth who discovers that his mother is sheltering a Jewish girl in their attic.The entrance of his imaginary friend, a whimsical version of Adolf Hitler with a comic stance on the politics of the war, forces him to reassess his convictions.Problems are found by the researcher in identifying the types of directives to Jojo and the types of politeness strategy used in the directives extended to Jojo.Jojo Rabbit film is chosen because there are many directives addressed to Jojo.The film also shows how Jojo's speech partner applies politeness strategies in delivering the directive to Jojo.Since many directives are found; I presume that it is worthwhile to conduct the study on this topic.
Several researchers (Fitria, Ningrum & Suhandoko, 2020;Muftiarizqi, 2015) have conducted the researches on politeness strategies in films or novels.The researches provide the analysis of sub-strategies in examining the politeness strategies.Combining the analysis of politeness strategy with character qualities and the role of gender on politeness, these researchers (Widyastuti, 2019;Wati & Puspani, 2020) show the difference on the topic to others.The following studies discuss the types of directives and the types of politeness strategies found as in the research of (Nur & Rosa, 2019;Marsetya, 2018).The directives ordering, requesting, asking, and suggesting uttered in Big Hero 6 movie are found to examine positive politeness strategy and bald on record in the study of Nur & Rosa (2019).Showing the difference from those previous studies, this study classifies the types of directives delivered to Jojo who is the main character in Jojo Rabbit film and examines the types of politeness strategies of directives.
In showing the gap of the study, the researcher analyses the data using domain, taxonomic, componential, and cultural theme analysis with narrative structure of the film and the context of situation as the source of data and directive utterances delivered to Jojo as the data.The following is the research gaps: 1) There is no research on directives and politeness strategies analysed according to narrative structure of the film and context of situations.2) There is no research which examines types of directives and politeness strategies in Jojo Rabbit film.This study attempts to examine the various kinds of directives and politeness strategies of the directives extended to Jojo.

THEORY AND METHODS
This study employed by using descriptive qualitative method.The data, which consist of the directive utterances delivered to Jojo, can be interpreted in a variety of ways depending on the realities that surround them, and must be produced holistically.The data were then analyzed according to the type of directive and categorized according to the type of politeness strategy.The socio pragmatics approach was applied in this study.The sociological factors of the film are realized through the narrative structures of the film.The socio-pragmatics aspect, on the other hand, is concerned with the analysis of power and distance relationships between characters elaborated with the theory of directive speech act and politeness strategy.
The data were examined through several steps.It started with transcribing the whole utterances in Jojo Rabbit film according to the narrative structures of the film.Then, the researcher determined the directives addressed to Jojo.The third was making raw data table to determine the relationship of narrative structure, context of situation, the directive, and politeness strategy employed by Jojo's speech partner.After data were analyzed, data were presented with four steps analysis including domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analysis, and cultural theme analysis (Spreadly, 1980).To provide holistic study results, both matrix and four-step analysis are merged (Santosa, 2017).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The findings of this study will be presented in two parts: result and discussion.Result and discussion are obtained to answer the research questions.The research questions are: 1) What types of directives are addressed to Jojo? and 2) What politeness strategies are used in the directives extended to Jojo?Furthermore, discussion aims to describe the behavior patterns in the findings of the directive used and the use of the politeness strategies of directives extended to Jojo.

Result
1. Types of Directives Addressed to Jojo Seven types of directives are found from 122 data gathered.Those are question, request, advice, command, dare, ban, and begging.Question is the most directive found as the speaker often asks about Jojo's condition and opinion about something.

Request
Request means a directive speech act to get the hearer performs an action.The speaker who initiates the request normally expects the addressee to carry out the action.This directive can be found in introduction (7 data), rising action (7 data), and falling action (3 data).

Advice
Advice is a weak directive act having illocutionary force of recommending to the hearer a future action.The speaker believes that his or her suggestion will benefit the hearer but does not expect that it will make the hearer to do the future action.Advice appears in introduction (2 data) and rising action (2 data).

Command
Command refers to a directive speech act that indicates the speaker's intention for the hearer to perform in the way that the speaker wants.Command is usually used by speaker with more power and tend to be mandatory.Command can be found in introduction (12 data), rising action (8 data), falling action (5 data), and catastrophe (4 data).

Dare
Dare indicates the directive utterance to make the hearer performs an action as a proof of courage.The aim is to challenge the hearer.This directive is only found in introduction (6 data).

Ban
Ban is a directive act to make the hearer not do something.Ban is found in rising action (1 datum) and catastrophe (1 datum).

Begging
Begging is a directive speech act in which the speaker asks the hearer sincerely or humbly for something.Begging appears only in catastrophe (1 datum).
2. Politeness Strategies Used in the Directives Extended to Jojo Politeness strategy aims to minimize the threat of an utterance to save hearer's face.Three of four politeness strategies excluding off record are employed by Jojo's interlocutors to extend directive speech acts to Jojo.Those are bald on record, positive politeness strategy, and negative politeness strategy.

2.1.
Politeness Strategy of Question The conversation involves Jojo and Elsa, a Jewish girl who is accommodated and hidden by his mother.Jojo accidentally finds Elsa hiding in the attic of her late sister's bedroom.

Politeness strategy:
The direct question "Don't you have any friends?" is delivered by Elsa without trying to mitigate Jojo's face.Elsa is older than Jojo, exactly the same age as Jojo's sister.Elsa, who is a friend of Jojo's late sister, thinks of Jojo as her younger brother, so he uses bald on record.Moreover, she has more power in the conversation since she can determine whether she helps Jojo or not with his Jewish book.

Positive Politeness Strategy
Example 1 Jojo's mother : Darling cub.Why are you up, huh?Did you eat anything, hmm?Sorry, I lost track of time.I was taking a long walk and having a thing.What are we going to do with laces, huh?My goodness.You'll learn how to tie them eventually, no? Jojo : I heard her.
The participants are Jojo and his mother.The conversation takes place at night when in the afternoon Jojo found out about Elsa.When his mother comes home, she sneaks and sees Jojo still awake.She sees Jojo's shoelaces untied and ties them.Jojo does not answer his mother's question but instead says that Jojo heard someone who was Elsa.

Politeness strategy:
It indicates positive politeness when Jojo's mother calls Jojo using in-group identity marker "Darling cub …".Furthermore, the utterance "… Sorry, I lost track of time.I was taking a long walk and having a thing.…" indicates that she applies positive politeness using strategy of giving reason to make her wants understandable by Jojo.

Politeness strategy:
Negative politeness is used by the speaker.The strategy of apologizing in the words "I'm sorry, …" indicates negative politeness.The speaker imposes a question on the hearer and expresses regret for having to do so.The conversation is between Jojo and Captain Klenzendorf.Captain Klenzendorf is Jojo's boss where Jojo is given small job such as spreading propaganda or doing other small tasks.The conversation is happened after a war between Germany and Allies.Jojo is captured by the allied soldiers and taken to their base where he meets Captain Klenzendorf.There, Captain Klenzendorf calms down Jojo who has a scared look on his face being there with the allied soldiers beating up the German soldiers.

Politeness strategy:
The utterance "… I think your book is really great.Ja, I'm sorry for laughing at it.Very creative.…" indicates positive politeness by using strategy of noticing or attending the hearer's interest.In this case, Captain Klenzendorf gives compliment to Jojo for his book containing Jewish stuffs.

2.2.
Negative Politeness Strategy Example 1 Elsa : Hey.If you find any more of those letters, will you let me know?Jojo : Sure.Okay.Bye.
Jojo and Elsa are the participants in this conversation.Elsa says to Jojo that she has a fiancé named Nathan who fights in the resistance.Jojo starts making fake letters in Nathan's name.Elsa tells Jojo to let her know if there's another letter from Nathan.

Politeness strategy:
The speaker applies negative politeness to deliver the request.Elsa uses strategy of being pessimistic about willingness to comply using subjunctive.It is shown in the utterance "If you find any more of those letters.".She asks Jojo to let her know if he receives Nathan's letters later.Jojo is forced to kill a rabbit to prove that he is not a coward.Jojo cannot kill the rabbit and escape from them.While he runs, people shout "Jojo Rabbit" to insult him.Adolf comes to Jojo asking what happened and trying to comfort him.

Politeness strategy:
The speaker uses positive politeness to deliver the advice.It is indicated with the way Adolf gives advice to Jojo.Exaggerating strategy is used by Adolf to highlight his sympathy to Jojo.It can be seen in "I'm gonna let you in a little secret.The rabbit is no coward.The humble little bunny faces a dangerous world every day, hunting carrots for his family, for his country.My empire will be full of all animals.Lions, giraffes, zebras, rhinoceroses, octopuses, rhinoctopuses.Even the mighty rabbit.".Adolf also says "Let them say whatever they want.People used to say …".The words "them" and "people" make people excluding Adolf and Jojo are the outsiders and make Adolf and Jojo are on the same side.

Politeness strategy:
Bald on record is used by the speaker to deliver the command.Adolf orders Jojo to heil him properly.Adolf has more power than Jojo because he considers himself as the real Adolf Hitler while Jojo is a loyal Nazi who respects Adolf Hitler.Moreover, the directive is delivered directly without any effort to minimize the threat of Jojo's face.

Positive Politeness Strategy
Example 1 Adolf : That's the spirit.Okay.Heil me, man!Jojo : Heil Hitler!This conversation is happened between Jojo and Adolf.Before going to Youth Hitler Camp, Jojo stands up in front of the mirror speaking to himself to cheer himself up.Jojo then declares his loyalty to Adolf Hitler.Jojo hesitates and feels scared to go to the camp.Then, Adolf cheers him up.Jojo agrees to go and Adolf orders him to heil him.

Politeness strategy:
The speaker uses positive politeness to deliver the command.Before ordering Jojo to heil him, Adolf gives compliment to Jojo who finally agrees to go to the camp.Adolf says "That's the spirit.…".The speaker uses the strategy of giving gift which is compliment to the hearer.

Negative Politeness Strategy
Example 1 Adolf : Just throw it away!Don't even think about it!Jojo : Heil Hitler!Before going to Youth Hitler Camp, Jojo stands up in front of the mirror speaking to himself to cheer himself up.Adolf comes and orders Jojo to heil him before Jojo goes.Adolf continuous to be dissatisfied with the way Jojo heil him.Adolf orders Jojo not to be overthinking while heil him.

Politeness strategy:
Negative politeness strategy is used to deliver the command.The speaker applies the strategy of minimizing the imposition by making the command seems smaller that it is.Adolf uses the words "Just …" and "Don't even …".

Politeness strategy:
Bald on record is used by the speaker to deliver the dare.Christopher is older than Jojo.Moreover, Christopher is the team leader of the activity who has more power than Jojo who is only a participant.The dare is delivered in a direct way.

Negative Politeness Strategy
Example 1 Christopher : Good, come here!Don't be scared!Come on.Good.
(Jojo comes forward with a scared expression while Hans brings a rabbit to Jojo) Christopher : Kill it!Jojo : Huh?
Christopher is the team leader of training ground activity.When Christopher and Hans ask who are Hitler's armies that dare to kill the enemy, Jojo raises his hand hesitantly.
Christopher then asks Jojo to come forward.Hans brings a rabbit and gives it to Jojo.They order Jojo to kill the rabit.

Politeness strategy:
By applying negative politeness strategy with the strategy of minimizing the imposition, the speaker mentions "Don't be scared!" to make the directive seems smaller than it is.Christopher tries to mitigate Jojo's negative face so he can achieve the goal of the conversation.The goal is to get Jojo to come forward as he wants so he can order Jojo to kill the rabbit.

Discussion
The discussion is divided into two parts.The first discusses the types of directives while the second explores the politeness strategies of directives based on the behavior pattern formed in the film.

Types of Directives Addressed to Jojo
Problem statements lead to the findings obtained from data analysis.The first finding is the types of directives extended to Jojo.Jojo's speech partners deliver some directives found in the film which are question, request, advice, command, dare, ban, and begging.The directives found fluctuate following the development of the story that are realized in narrative structures.It increases from introduction to rising action and decreases from rising action to catastrophe.It excludes the climax because there is no directive found.Most directives are found in the context of the situation (+P-D) with 70 data found.The second most found is (+P+D) with 35 data found.In addition, it is followed by the context of situation (-P-D) with 10 data and (-P+D) with 7 data.
From data analysis, it reveals that question is the most found directive in the film.The interlocutors of Jojo deliver the questions to get the information from Jojo.The information can be about Jojo's condition or Jojo's opinion about something.Question is mostly found in the context of situation (+P-D) with 37 data found.It is followed by (+P+D) with 16 data.9 data are found in (-P-D) and 1 datum are found in (-P+D).
Command is following in the second most directive found.Command is used to order Jojo to perform such action as the speaker wants.The command is more often delivered by people who are older and have more power than Jojo.It can be seen from the data where the context of situation (+P-D) is found mostly (13 data).It is followed by (+P+D) with 12 data.4 data are found in (-P+D) in the conversation between Adolf and Jojo in catastrophe.
Adolf can order Jojo with the situation -P or there is no power because he thinks that he is still Adolf Hitler who is respected by Jojo.The third most found is request.Request is found when Jojo's speech partner asks Jojo to do something with the expectation that Jojo will do their wants.Request is mostly used in the context of situation (+P-D) with 15 data found.1 data each is found in +P+D and -P-D.Dare, advice, ban, and begging sequentially show the most common types of directives found.Dare is found only at the introduction stage with 6 data found.This directive is used by the speaker in the context of situation (+P+D) situation.It is showed in the film when Jojo is challenged to kill a rabbit as proof that he is a brave Nazi.Advice is found only in the conversation between Adolf and Jojo with the context of situation (+P-D) in introduction and rising action.Meanwhile, there are only 2 data of ban.It happens in rising action.The scene is when Jojo is forbidden by his mother to go upstairs.The context of situation between Jojo and his mother is (+P-D).It also happens in catastrophe with context of situation (-P+D).Moreover, begging can only be found in catastrophe with 1 datum available.It involves Jojo and Adolf with context of situation (-P+D).
To summarize, question, command, request, dare, advice, and ban are mostly found in the context of situation +P.Meanwhile, question, command, request, and advice are mostly used in the context of situation -D.It indicates that directives in the film is mostly used by people having more power and more intimate relationship with Jojo.
2. Politeness Strategies used in the directives extended to Jojo In order to deliver the directives without threatening the hearer's face, the speaker applies politeness strategy.Bald on record is the most strategy applied by the interlocutor of Jojo.It is followed by positive politeness strategy and negative politeness strategy.Bald on record and positive politeness are found in all of the narrative structures.Meanwhile, negative politeness is only found in introduction and rising action.

2.1.
Politeness Strategy of Question Focusing on the findings of politeness strategies of question, positive politeness is the most strategy used.Several strategies are employed to determine positive politeness such as using in-group identity markers, giving reasons, and noticing to Jojo's wants.Positive politeness of question is found mostly in the situation (+P-D).The speakers with more power and close relationship with Jojo tend to use positive politeness strategy in delivering the question because they consider Jojo's positive face while asking.

Politeness Strategy of Request
In the politeness strategy of request, positive politeness strategy is mostly used.The strategies used are attending Jojo's interest by giving compliment, exaggerating approval and sympathy to Jojo, giving reasons, and using in-group identity markers.The strategy is used mostly by the participants in the situation (+P-D).It is because the speakers deliver the request with considering Jojo's positive face.

Politeness Strategy of Advice
The politeness strategy of advice found is only a positive politeness strategy.The strategies used are exaggerating to show sympathy to the hearer, seeking agreement, and noticing Jojo's wants.The politeness strategy of advice is used in the situation (+P-D) because the speaker advises Jojo considering Jojo's condition.

Politeness Strategy of Command
The politeness strategy of command found is mostly bald on record.Bald on record of command indicates that the speaker deliver the command directly without trying to mitigate Jojo's face.This strategy is found mostly in the situation (+P-D) because the speakers have close relationship to Jojo so they can order Jojo directly without feeling sorry.

2.5.
Politeness Strategy of Dare The politeness strategy of dare found is mostly bald on record.Bald on record of dare indicates the challenge given by the speaker to Jojo in a direct way to intentionally threaten Jojo's face.The situation (+P+D) is the most found.It is because people with more power and distant relationships tend to be able to give challenges to Jojo.

Politeness Strategy of Ban
The politeness strategy of ban found are bald on record and positive politeness strategy.Both have the same amount of data.The situations found are (+P-D) and (-P+D).In this case, the speaker forbids Jojo to do something.

2.7.
Politeness Strategy of Begging The politeness strategy of begging found is only the positive politeness strategy.The strategy is using a special discourse marker.The situation is (-P+D) because, in the conversation with no power, the speaker cannot gain the aim of the conversation except begging Jojo.
The politeness strategy used by the speaker is strongly influenced by the speaker's intention which is realized in the directive used.In addition, the context of the situation also affects the use of directive and politeness strategy because it can determine how the speaker construct their intentions into the utterances depending on who they speak to.Furthermore, narrative structure reflected from the development of the story can affect the utterance.Speech events that appear in the film following the development of the story cause various types of directives are found.

CONCLUSION
From the analysis, it is found that there are seven directives delivered to Jojo.Question and command are revealed as the directive mostly used by Jojo's speech partners.It is followed by request, dare, advice, ban, and begging.The speaker uses question mostly to ask Jojo's condition or opinion about something.
In the second research question, the politeness strategies employed in the film are bald on record, positive politeness strategy, and negative politeness strategy.Bald on record becomes the most strategy used with 59 data found.Bald on record is used the most when the speakers address questions to Jojo (27 data).With a slight data difference, bald on record of command follows with 26 data found.The second most used is positive politeness strategy with 51 data found.The speakers mostly employ positive politeness strategy when delivering questions with 30 data.It is followed by positive politeness of request with 14 data found.In addition, negative politeness strategy is used 12 times.The most data found are 6 data found from negative politeness of question and 3 data found from negative politeness of request.

Table 2 . Politeness Strategy of Question
2.1.1BaldonRecord Example 1 Elsa : Why are you hanging around with me?Don't you have any friends?Jojo : Of course, Yorki Jojo : Never mind Jojo and Yorki are close friends.The conversation happens during Youth Hitler Camp.After the rabbit incident, Jojo escapes and he is then accompanied by Adolf.Jojo gets the advice from Adolf but without having the time to answer, Yorki then comes.Yorki asks Jojo if he is okay after being bullied by Cristopher and Hans earlier and asks Jojo who Jojo was talking to.Jojo suddenly says that it's time for him to show the people who bullied him, who the real cowardly rabbit is.Yorki then asks the question in the example.
Example 1 Yorki : I'm sorry, what are you talking about?

Table 3 . Politeness Strategy of Request
: Okay?Hey.It's okay, Kid.I've been meaning to tell you.I think your book is really great.Ja, I'm sorry for laughing at it.Very creative.Come here, let's take a look at you.You look good.You're okay, Kid.

Table 4 . Politeness Strategy of Advice No.
People used to say a lot of nasty things about me.Oh, this guy is lunatic.Oh, look at that psycho.He's gonna get us all killed.I'm gonna let you in a little secret.The rabbit is no coward.The humble little bunny faces a dangerous world every day, hunting carrots for his family, for his country.My empire will be full of all animals.Lions, giraffes, zebras, rhinoceroses, octopuses, rhinoctopuses.Even the mighty rabbit.Cigarette?
Jojo : Oh, no thanks.I don't smoke.Jojo and Adolf are involved in this conversation.It is happened in Youth Hitler Camp after Jojo gets bullied by Hans and Christopher, the team leaders for training ground activity.

's "Hitterler?" Do you even speak German?
This conversation is happened between Jojo and Adolf.Before going to Youth Hitler Camp, Jojo stands up in front of the mirror speaking to himself to cheer himself up.Adolf comes and orders Jojo to heil him before Jojo goes.Adolf continuous to be dissatisfied with the way Jojo heil him.Adolf orders Jojo not to be overthinking while heil him.

Table 6 . Politeness Strategy of Dare
Christopher is the team leader of training ground activity in Youth Hitler Camp.Jojo and other participants of the camp line up in a forest.When Christopher and Hans ask who are Hitler's armies that dare to kill the enemy, Jojo raises his hand hesitantly.They ask Jojo if he can kill.Jojo answers that he loves killing although the fact shows that he cannot even kill a rabbit let alone a human.Christopher's question has an illocutionary force to challenge Jojo.