JPSCR: Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Research
JPSCR: Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Clinical Research (e-ISSN 2503-331X), published by Universitas Sebelas Maret in collaboration with Indonesian Pharmacist Association (Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia; IAI), is an open-access and peer-reviewed journal. JPSCR offers a forum for publishing original research articles from contributors and for novel technology news related to pharmaceutical science and clinical research. Scientific articles on natural products, pharmaceutical sciences and industry, and clinical research are particularly welcome. JPSCR encompasses research articles, original research reports, reviews, short communications, and scientific commentaries in pharmaceutical science and clinical research, including formulation and pharmaceutical product evaluation, pharmacology, biopharmaceutics & drug delivery, pharmacokinetics, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical chemistry, and analysis, as well as natural products or active pharmaceutical ingredients. JPSCR also accepts papers in clinical research, e.g., pharmacoepidemiology, clinical pharmacy, pharmacoeconomy, and pharmacovigilance. Since July 2020, JPSCR has not received any articles related to pharmaceutical management, pharmaceutical social behavior & and administration. Since 2021, JPSCR has been published three times per year, every April, August, and December.
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Hubungan Riwayat Asupan Suplemen Mikronutrien Ibu Selama Kehamilan dengan Kejadian Stunting pada Balita di Puskesmas X Kota Jambi
Stunting masih dianggap sebagai tantangan kesehatan utama, baik secara nasional maupun global, mengingat dampaknya terhadap kualitas sumber daya manusia. Kondisi ini ditandai dengan pertumbuhan anak yang tidak optimal akibat kekurangan gizi kronis, terutama selama 1.000 Hari Pertama Kehidupan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara riwayat konsumsi suplemen mikronutrien ibu selama kehamilan dengan kejadian stunting pada balita. Studi menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling, 85 ibu dengan riwayat hamil tahun 2022 yang terdaftar di Puskesmas X Kota Jambi dilibatkan dalam studi ini. Data terkait kejadian stunting pada balita diperoleh secara retrospektif dan informasi mengenai riwayat asupan suplemen mikronutrien ibu selama kehamilan dikumpulkan secara prospektif menggunakan kuesioner. Selanjutnya, data dianalisis menggunakan uji Chi-square dan Cramer’s V melalui JASP software. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 27,1% balita mengalami stunting. Terdapat hubungan signifikan secara statistik antara konsumsi vitamin B, zat besi, vitamin D, vitamin A, tembaga, dan zink selama kehamilan dengan kejadian stunting pada balita (p<0,05) dengan kekuatan hubungan tergolong sangat kuat ( >0,25). Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa kecukupan dan keteraturan konsumsi suplemen berperan penting dalam menurunkan risiko stunting. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa program suplementasi perlu ditingkatkan baik melalui edukasi, pemantauan konsumsi, maupun pemerataan distribusi suplemen agar pemenuhan mikronutrien ibu hamil dapat lebih optimal dalam mencegah stunting sejak kehamilan.
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Safety Assessment of Proton-Pump Inhibitors: Study of Cardiovascular Adverse Events Using Global Pharmacovigilance Data
Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been associated with adverse cardiovascular events, underscoring the need for comprehensive safety evaluation, yet systematic consolidation of data on PPI-related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) leading to cardiovascular events remains lacking. This study aims to descriptively analyze cardiovascular events related to PPI use to summarize their safety profile. A quantitative descriptive analysis was performed on cardiovascular ADRs associated with PPIs using global pharmacovigilance data. The top 25 reported cardiovascular ADRs for each PPI were identified from VigiAccess launched by World Health Organization (WHO) global database. We selected the same 20 set potential ADRs using Venny 2.1.0 to enhance the comparability of data and we summarized by frequency and percentage. A total of 15,263 cardiovascular ADR cases were identified. Omeprazole showed the highest reports, mainly palpitations (1,675 cases; 28.5%), cardiac flutter (759 cases; 12.91%), tachycardia (549 cases; 9.34%), and myocardial infarction (498 cases; 8.47%). Pantoprazole reported palpitations (893 cases; 27.43%), tachycardia (332 cases; 10.20%), and cardiac flutter (326 cases; 10.01%), while lansoprazole (1,782 cases; 11.7%) reported palpitations (451 cases; 25.3%), tachycardia (166 cases; 9.3%), and cardiac flutter (153 cases; 8.6%). Esomeprazole was most associated with myocardial infarction (951 cases; 21.88%), palpitations (621 cases; 14.29%), and cardiac failure congestive (380 cases; 8.74%). PPIs are associated with cardiovascular ADRs such as palpitations and myocardial infarction, emphasizing the importance of careful risk assessment during therapy.
Adjusment Dosis pada Pengobatan Tuberculosis Paru Terkonfirmasi Bakteriologis dengan Gangguan Fungsi Ginjal: Case Report Study
Pengobatan Tuberculosis (TB) secara signifikan mempengaruhi fungsi ginjal karena banyak obat TB diekskresikan melalui ginjal. Akibatnya, pada pasien dengan chronic kidney disease (CKD), dosis pemberian yang tidak tepat akan berujung pada kegagalan terapi atau meningkatnya efek samping. Laporan kasus ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi dampak penyesuaian dosis obat antituberkulosis (OAT), berbasis fungsi ginjal terhadap keamanan dan luaran klinis pada pasien TB dengan CKD stadium lanjut. Seorang pasien sesak nafas selama 3 bulan terdiagnosis sebagai Tuberculosis (TB) paru terkonfirmasi bakteriologis yang sedang terapi antituberkulosis (OAT), Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) dd Acute on Chronic Kidney Disease (ACKD) mendapatkan terapi obat antituberkulosis (OAT) yang sudah dilakukan penyesuaian dosis berdasarkan nilai klirens kreatinin yaitu rifampisin 600 mg dan isoniazid 300 mg diberikan masing-masing tiap 24 jam. Pirazinamid 1250 mg dan etambutol 1000 mg diberikan 3x seminggu (senin, rabu, jumat. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa penyesuaian dosis berdasarkan fungsi ginjal untuk pasien CKD menghasilkan hasil yang baik dalam 11.0 mg/dL turun menjadi 8.3 mg/dL hal kemanjuran terapi yang serupa dengan pasien non-CKD. Penyesuaian dosis OAT berbasis fungsi ginjal meningkatkan keamanan terapi tanpa mengurangi efektivitas pengobatan. Pemantauan fungsi ginjal secara berkala direkomendasikan untuk mengoptimalkan luaran klinis dan mencegah toksisitas obat pada pasien tuberkulosis dengan CKD.
Aplikasi Serum Nanoekstrak Daun Pucuk Merah (Syzigium myrtifolium Walp.) Terenkapsulasi Nanopartikel sebagai Antioksidan
Perkembangan sistem penghantaran berbasis nanoteknologi dalam bidang kosmetik semakin meningkat, salah satunya melalui serum nanoekstrak yang mampu meningkatkan stabilitas dan efektivitas bahan aktif terutama yang berasal dari bahan alam seperti Nanoekstrak Daun Pucuk Merah (Syzigium myrtifolium Walp). Senyawa flavonoid dan fenolik pada ekstrak Daun Pucuk Merah memiliki aktivitas antioksidan tinggi, namun rentan mengalami degradasi akibat paparan cahaya dan oksidasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh formula serum nanoekstrak daun pucuk merah dengan karakteristik fisik dan aktivitas antioksidan terbaik. Nanoekstrak diformulasikan menggunakan metode gelasi ionik dengan polimer kitosan dan alginat serta natrium tripolifosfat sebagai crosslinker, selanjutnya di formulasi dalam sediaan serum. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan ukuran partikel berada pada rentang 135,5-194,4 nm dengan nilai PDI pada rentang 0,463-0,991 dan rentang zeta potensial -23,7 mV s.d -25,6 mV. Formula Nanoekstrak Daun Pucuk Merah (NDPM) menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan sangat kuat dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 1,86 ppm, lebih baik dibandingkan ekstrak daun pucuk merah tanpa formulasi nanoteknologi yang memilik nilai IC50 sebesar 6,16 ppm. Formula II Serum Nanoekstrak Daun Pucuk Merah (SNDPM) dengan berat ekstrak 0,28 g menghasilkan karakteristik fisik, stabilitas dan aktivitas antioksidan yang terbaik. Serum Nanoekstrak Daun Pucuk Merah (SNDPM) berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai kosmetik alami yang inovatif, aman, dan ramah lingkungan untuk melindungi kulit dari radikal bebas dan paparan sinar ultraviolet.
Uji Aktivitas Afrodisiaka Ekstrak Sambiloto (Andrographis Paniculata) pada Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar
Salah satu obat tradisional yang sudah digunakan sejak zaman dahulu secara turun menurun di Indonesia adalah sambiloto. Permasalahan disfungsi seksual, terutama pada pria, dapat berdampak signifikan terhadap kualitas hidup dan kesehatan mental. Pemilihan sambiloto sebagai bahan baku karena tanaman sambiloto memiliki aktifitas sebagai afrodisiak melalui pengaturan kadar hormon atau efek langsung pada jaringan seksual. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengkaji aktivitas seksual hewan uji tikus jantan galur Wistar pada efek pemberian ekstrak etanol sambiloto. Selama tujuh hari, hewan uji akan diberikan ekstrak setiap hari, dan perilaku seksualnya akan diamati 30 menit setelah pemberian terakhir. Kelompok perlakuan pada penelitian ini dibagi menjadi 5 yaitu perlakuan kontrol negatif yang diberikan aquades, perlakuan kontrol positif yang menerima ekstrak pasak bumi dengan dosis sebanyak 7,5 mg/kgBB, serta kelompok perlakuan dengan ekstrak sambiloto, kelompok perlakuan dosis pertama (26,5 mg/kgBB), dosis kedua (50,5 mg/kgBB), dan dosis ketiga (100,5 mg/kgBB). Setiap kelompok terdiri dari tujuh tikus jantan. Dilakukan pengamatan setelah 30 menit pemberian ekstrak dengan memasukkan tikus jantan ke dalam chamber tikus betina dan diamati selama 30 menit. Parameter yang diamati meliputi Frekuensi pemasangan (Mounting Frequency), frekuensi intromisi (Intromission Frequency), latensi pemasangan (Mounting Latency), dan latensi intromisi (Intromission Latency). Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan jika pemberian ekstrak etanol sambiloto pada dosis 26,5 mg/kgBB, 50,5 mg/kgBB, dan 100,5 mg/kgBB memengaruhi aktivitas seksual hewan uji yang dilihat dari parameter frekuensi pemasangan (Mounting Frequency), frekuensi intromisi (Intromission Frequency), latensi pemasangan (Mounting Latency), dan latensi intromisi (Intromission Latency).
Therapeutic Potential of White Sweet Potato Peel in Enhancing Insulin Production and The Proliferation of Beta Cells in Diabetic Rats
Diabetes mellitus (DM) affects approximately 422 million people worldwide, predominantly in low- to middle-income countries, and is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality. The long-term use of conventional antidiabetic drugs may cause adverse effects, prompting interest in natural therapeutic alternatives. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of white sweet potato peel (WSPP) on glycemic control, insulin expression, and pancreatic beta-cell proliferation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: diabetic control, diabetic rats treated with WSPP at doses of 400, 800, and 1600 mg/kgBW/day, and non-diabetic controls. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kgBW). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were measured at baseline and during treatment. Pancreatic tissues were analyzed using immunohistochemistry to assess insulin expression, Langerhans islet area, and beta cell proliferation using anti-insulin and anti-PCNA antibodies. WSPP administration resulted in a significant, dose-dependent reduction in FBG levels compared to diabetic controls (p < 0.05). The highest dose (1600 mg/kgBW/day) reduced FBG from approximately 250 mg/dL to 72.22 mg/dL after four weeks (p < 0.01), reaching the normal range. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated significant increases in insulin expression scores, Langerhans islet area, and the percentage of PCNA-positive cells in the 800 and 1600 mg/kgBW/day groups compared to untreated diabetic rats. At the highest dose, these parameters approached those observed in non-diabetic controls, indicating substantial restoration of pancreatic islet structure and function. In conclusion, WSPP improves glycemic control and promotes beta-cell proliferation in diabetic rats, highlighting its potential as a natural, cost-effective therapeutic strategy for diabetes management.
Effect of Green Pharmacy-Based MTM Education on Quality of Life among Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that commonly affects elderly (≥60 years) populations and significantly impacts patients' quality of life due to long-term pharmacotherapy and disease complications. Medication Therapy Management (MTM) has been recognized as an effective pharmacist-led intervention to optimize medication use and improve clinical outcomes. However, its integration with environmental sustainability principles remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Green Pharmacy-based MTM education on quality of life among elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design was conducted among 84 elderly patients at primary healthcare centers in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia, from September to October 2025. The application of rational medication principles, as emphasized in Green Pharmacy-based MTM education, plays a crucial role in minimizing adverse effects and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Quality of life was assessed before and after the intervention using the Diabetes Quality of Life (DQoL) questionnaire, accompanied by clinical monitoring of random blood glucose levels. The results showed that the intervention significantly improved quality of life compared to control (p<0.05). These findings highlight the potential of sustainable, pharmacist-led educational interventions to enhance diabetes management and patient-centered outcomes.
The Application of Tapak Dara (Catharanthus roseus) Extract Ointment Reducing IL-6 and MMP-1 Production in Photodamaged Rat's Skin
Tapak dara Catharanthus roseus (L.) Don extract possesses promising properties that could counteract the detrimental effects of UV-B exposure. Its inherent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities suggest its potential as a therapeutic agent for managing UV-B-induced skin damage. This study aims to analyze the effect of tapak dara extract ointment on IL-6 and MMP-1 levels in photodamaged skin. Twenty-five healthy male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a healthy control group (n = 5) and a UVB-exposed group (n = 20). The UVB-exposed rats received 1 MED for 8 minutes per day, for 10 sessions over 14 days. Skin tissue was collected on day 15 to assess skin damage and validate collagen loss using immunohistochemistry. After validation, photodamaged skin rats were divided equally into four experimental groups: placebo (P2), vitamin E (P3), tapak dara extract 10% (P4), and 20% (P5). The rats were sacrificed at the end of the study, and the skin tissues were analyzed for IL-6 and MMP-1 using ELISA. Based on the analysis results, groups P4 and P5 produced average levels of IL-6 and MMP-1 that were significantly lower than those in P2 (p < 0.050). IL-6 and MMP-1 levels in group P5 reached 188.60 ± 40.60 pg/mL and 1,611 ± 344 pg/mL, respectively. This is likely due to the secondary metabolite content of tapak dara, which acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, suggesting it has potential as a photodamaged skin therapy. As many as 20% tapak dara extract cream effectively reduces IL-6 and MMP-1 levels in UV-B-exposed skin tissue. However, this study did not evaluate changes in skin tissue after treatment with tapak dara extract. Therefore, further research is needed to analyze and validate collagen synthesis following treatment with tapak dara extract.
Unveiling the Anticancer Efficacy of Kaempferol from Moringa oleifera Against Breast Cancer: Insights from an In Silico Investigation
Breast cancer is a significant global health problem that is often encountered in women. Kaempferol from Moringa is known to control breast cancer cells. This study explores the in silico potential of kaempferol compounds derived from Moringa oleifera as breast cancer drug candidates. The results showed that kaempferol compounds have anticarcinogenic potential, with a high Pa value of 0.715, via the target proteins CYP1B1 and HSD17B2. The prediction of physicochemical properties indicates that kaempferol is a viable oral medication candidate, as it adheres to Lipinski's rule of five. However, it is dangerous if swallowed because it is classified as toxicity class 5. Molecular docking analysis indicates that kaempferol has high affinity for the target proteins CYP1B1 and HSD17B2. It can significantly contribute to breast cancer progression, with binding energies of -7.1 kcal/mol and -6.8 kcal/mol, respectively. Hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions predominated the molecular interactions between kaempferol and the target proteins. These findings suggest that kaempferol from Moringa oleifera is a promising lead compound for the development of breast cancer treatments. Despite its potential, further studies are required to mitigate its toxicity risks, as indicated by the pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, and toxicity assessments.
Drug-Related Problems Leading to Hospitalization: A Literature Review
Background: Drug-related problems (DRPs) are described as problems associated with medications that can lead to treatment failure and may also cause hospital admissions. The novelty of this study is that it supplements previous research data with the latest data on DRPs leading to hospital stays, specifically articles published between 2021 and 2025. Objective: This study aims to identify the prevalence of hospitalization due to DRPs, the types of DRPs that lead to hospital admissions, the medications involved, and the risk factors for DRPs. Methods: A literature search was conducted across the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases, limiting publication years to 2021-2025. Results: In the 12 studies reviewed, the frequency of hospitalization due to DRP varied between 5,0% to 57,9%. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs), non-compliance, drug interactions, dosing errors, and incomplete therapy indication were the most common types of DRPs that lead to hospitalization. The drugs most commonly involved in DRPs were antidiabetic agents, cardiovascular agents, diuretics, and antineoplastic agents. Age, polypharmacy, and the number and severity of comorbidities were identified as primary risk factors for hospitalization caused by DRPs. Conclusion: The frequency of hospitalization due to DRP varied between 5,0% to 57,9%. Factors such as age, number of medications, and comorbidities influence the frequency of DRPs.