HYDROXYAPATITE (HAp) BIOCERAMICS MADE FROM THE Celetaiya persclupta SNAIL SHELLS FROM POSO LAKE

Bioceramic Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was a derivated chemical synthetic compound from calcium phosphate commonly used to care for hard tissue damage. Bioceramic Hydroxyapatite can be synthesized from the compounds rich with calcium contains. This study treated the synthesis and physicochemical Characterization of the HAp made from Celetaiya persclupta snail shells obtained from Poso lake. From the characterization of the sample C. presclupta shells obtained the water contains 0.50±0.00%; ash contains 0.9913±0.0017g/g; potassium 0.0005±0.00007g/g; calcium 0.0391±0.0059g/g; phosphate 0.0221±0.0009g/g; phosphorus 0.0111±0.0005 and the ratio of Ca/P 1.7382±0.1994%. The synthesis of HAp by base precipitation method showed the yield of synthesis 85.2891±4.2496% with the level of material reduction during synthesis 18.0442±1.1684%. The result of characterization of the HAp showed that the potassium contains 0.0002±0.00003g/g; calcium 0.0121±0.0031g/g; phosphate 0.0167±0.0013g/g; phosphorus 0.0084±0.0007g/g; ratio of Ca/P 1.3724±0.2736%; porosity 9.9929±0.7626%; swelling ability 24.8416±1.4989%; and biodegradability 10.8958±1.1781%. The overall results concluded that the C. presclupta snail shells could become a source of Bioceramic Hydroxyapatite (HAp).


INTRODUCTION
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was a synthetic compound derivated from calcium (Ca) have chemical name Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 [1]; ratio of Ca/P 1.67; density 3.19g/ml [2]; room symmetric P63/m; side parameters a = 9.432Ao, c = 6.875Ao and hexagonal crystal system [3]. HAp is very popular in medic, mainly because the biocompatible characteristic can replace the pen (Platina) to manage bone fracture [4]. The Chemical structure of HAp potentially uses as remineralization compounds because they have similarity with the calcium structure build the bones [5]. The HAp can be synthesized from the materials rich with calcium contains and commonly, the HAp composite apply to reparating the fractured bone and patch the tooth [5]. The chemical structure of HAp showed in Figure 1.  [6,7] The hydroxyapatite was a product of the modification structure of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), so it can be synthesized from the rich calcium contain materials [1,4,5]. Another synthesis research before in Indonesia used several kinds of calcium source as cow bones [3,8], Molluscan shells [9,10], eggshells [11,12,13,14], Ca and P ions in bacterial cellulosic membranes [15], and calcite [16].
The Molluscan shells can apply as HAp sources because they have higher calcium than eggshells [9,10]. The application of clamshells as HAp scorches conceived because of Indonesia's large abundance was potential: 34.929 tons per year where the blood clams as the main commodity [9]. The blood clams shells containing 98.7% of calcium (Ca) and 0.002% phosphor (P) [17]. Another research before threated the synthesis of HAp from shellfish (polymesoda erosa) reported that the stirring time would increase the synthesis result of HAp [18].
The mainly Molluscan shells used as a source of HAp were clamshells (marine or lacustrine clams) [9,17,18], but still rare for the snail shells [10], so this study treated the synthesis of HAp from Celetaiya persclupta snail shells obtained from Poso Lake, Central of Sulawesi. Those shells were chosen as HAp source because they predicted it has large calcium can be synthesized became HAp. The abundance of the empty shells is large and easy to find in large amounts along the lakeshore (on and below the sand). Those shells didn't manage yet and free to take for now. Sometimes just take away by the tourists as merchandises. The HAp synthesized from C. persclupta shells will be conceived as a reparating compound (implant, grafting, filer) to the hard tissues.

Research Locations
The C. persclupta snail shells were

The Shells Characterization
The C. persclupta shells' chemical characterization included water contains, ash, organics, carbons, and silicon by gravimetric [19]. The Phosphor has measurements by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and HACH photometer, calcium measured twice by titrimetric [19] and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer [16], also the potassium and sulfur by HACH photometer.

Shells
The synthesis of HAp from C. presclupta shells using base precipitation method [1,14].

The Chemical Characterization of HAp
The chemical characterization of the HAp from C. persclupta shells included the Phosphor contains measurements by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and HACH photometer, calcium measured twice by titrimetric [19] and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer [20], also the potassium and sulfur by HACH photometer.

The Biochemical Characterization of HAp
The biochemical Characterization of the HAp from C. persclupta shells included the Porosity, Biodegradability, and Swelling Ability measurements by gravimetric [21,22,23].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The C. persclupta snail was one of the endemic molluscan species in Poso Lake  The source of HAp needs to be characterized to ensure the existence of calcium and phosphor contains [5,11], so the chemical characterization treated to the C. persclupta shells before synthesized to HAp. The result of Characterization showed in Table 1. The chemical characterization treated to the C. persclupta shells showed in Table 1 strengthens the hypothesis because those shells contain the minerals needed in the HAp synthesis process. Based on Table 1 also can be predicted that the C. persclupta  Table 2. The comparison showed in Table 3 concluded that the C. persclupta shells with  Table 3.  Table 4.  The comparison of mineral contains in HAp showed in Table 5. Figure 3. The Visibility of HAp synthesized from C.presclupta shells comparing with the HAp from another source, a HAp from C.persclupta shells, b and c from eggshells [11,13] by precipitation, d from eggshells [11] by hydrolysis, e from Cow Bones [8]. Another parameter for the Ca and P measurement contains the ratio of calcium against phosphor (Ca/P). According to the references, the common ratio Ca/P of HAp was 1.6%. The comparison of the ratio Ca/P from synthesized HAp showed in Table 6.  Table 5 concluded that HAp synthesized from C. persclupta shells was still in the range of Ca/P's referenced ratio of Ca/P. The ratio of Ca/P connected to the particle size, the ratio of Ca/P 1.57-2.67%, can reduce the particle size to ±59nm, increasing Ca/P following by reducing the particle size [14]. persclupta against the references showed in Table 7.  [29]. On the other side, Indonesia also a country with the highest fracture sufferers in Asia [29].

CONCLUSION
The Celetaia persclupta snail shells potentiality to became a source of HAp for the medical needs mainly to reparating the hard tissues (filler, grafting, implant) based the report of the measurements of minerals contains in the shells like calcium (Ca) and phosphor (P).
The mass yield from the synthesis process showed significant results. The synthesis using the alkaline precipitation method resulted in a white HAp powder indicating that the HAp from the shell of C. persclupta has the potential to be applied medically as a remineralizing agent in hard tissue.