A Translation Analysis of Idiomatic Expressions in the Webtoon Comic Entitled ‘Winter Wood’

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INTRODUCTION
stated that a comic is a set of pictures that are laid out in a certain order to make a sequence of the story. Comic works by connecting words to images to produce information or storyline. Nowadays, comics are published on the internet to attract more readers since technology is now widely used. There is one platform called Webtoon that is the most famous platform to publish comics. Even though Webtoon is a Koreanbased platform, artists all around the world can publish their works in their native language there. In this case, Webtoon provides translation in several languages such as Indonesian, English, Japanese, Chinese, and so on but some of the translation is done by the fans that might not be as good as the professionals'.
Like a novel, comic contains text. In order to make comics more interesting, comic writers include idioms. As stated by Mona Baker (2018), idiom does not hold meaning from the individual component or it does not mean as it is. In this case, a translation is needed for the readers who do not speak the language used in a comic so they can understand the message. Translating idioms is not as simple as translating them word for word. It is one of the concerns for the translators.
JBSSA P-ISSN: 1410-5411 | E-ISSN:  The problems that possibly occur in the process of idiom translation is recognizing the existence of the idiom in a text and choosing the best technique to translate the idiom into target language. According to Mona Baker (2018), there are some difficulties in idiom translation, which are: (1) An idiom does not have an equivalent in target language; (2) An idiom has a similar equivalent but maybe has a different context of use; (3) An idiom can be used in both its literal and idiomatic senses at the same time in the source text; (4) In the source language and target language, the common use of an idiom in written text and its frequency of use can vary.
The reasons mentioned above lead the researcher to conduct a research entitled A Translation Analysis of Idiomatic Expressions in the Webtoon Comic Entitled 'Winter Wood'. The comic was officially published on Webtoon platform and it is expected to contain sufficient data to examine.

METHOD
This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach since the topic of this research is analyzing a phenomenon in the field of language. Furthermore, the research is categorized as an embedded case study since the problem statement has been defined in the first place to guide the researcher in the research. This study is categorized as a single case study since this research focuses on one aspect of the case to be studied. It emphasizes the analysis of the translation of idiomatic expressions in a Webtoon comic entitled 'Winter Wood'.
The sources of data of this research are documents and informants. The researcher collected the data in the form of idiomatic expressions and the information in the forms of types of idiom, classification of translation techniques and information translation quality.
The techniques of data collection used in this research are content analysis and focus group discussion (FGD). Content analysis was applied to analyze the types of the idioms and the translation techniques to translate the idioms. Furthermore, the researcher performed FGD to seek for the views and perspectives of raters to classify the translation techniques used by the translators and to assess the translation quality.
The technique of data analysis applied in this study is the data analysis proposed by Spradley. According to Sugiyono (2015) there are four stages of data analysis, which are: domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analysis, and cultural-theme analysis. The domain of this research is idiomatic expressions found in Webtoon comic entitled 'Winter Wood', which also covers the categories of the studied idioms. The taxonomic analysis is the stage at which the translation techniques used by the translators to translate the idiom were classified. The componential analysis is the stage at which the impact of translation techniques on quality of the translation was analyzed. Meanwhile, the cultural-theme analysis refers to the analysis of the correlation between each variable. The researcher obtained a conclusion concerning the translation after accomplishing the stages of data analysis.
The theory used to classify the types of the idioms is the theory proposed by Lim (2004) while the theory used to analyze the translation techniques is the theory proposed by Mona Baker (2018) and the theory used to analyze the quality of the translation is the Translation Quality Assessment model proposed by Nababan, et. al. (2012).

Types of idiomatic expression
Through conducting content analysis, the researcher collected 112 items, but the number was reduced to 94, which is the number of the studied data after going through data validation process. After conducting FGD, the researcher found out that there are 5 types out of 6 types of idiom.
The types of idiom found in the 'Winter Wood' comic are presented in Table 1 Based on Table 1, the dominant type of idiom found in 'Winter Wood' comic is phrasal verb, comprising 44 data (46.80%). According to LOI English (2019, https://skypeenglishclasses.com/english-phrasal-verbs/) phrasal verb is not commonly used in writing or in formal conversation but it is commonly used in spoken English, about 80 percent of verbs in English are phrasal verbs. This can be the explanation why phrasal verb is the dominant type of idiom found in the 'Winter Wood' comic. The second type is idiom with verb as keyword with 31 data (32.98%). The third most dominant type is idiom with noun as keyword with 9 data (9.57%). The other types of idiom found in the comic are idiom with adjective as keyword with 6 data (6.40) and prepositional phrase with 4 data (4.25%).

Translation techniques
The researcher also found out that there are 6 kinds of translation techniques used by the translator to translate the idioms using theory proposed by Mona Baker (2018). The translation techniques used by the translators are presented in Table 2. The dominant translation technique used by the translator is paraphrase (72 data or 76.6%), while the other techniques are omission of play of the idiom (11 data or 11.7%), omission of the entire idiom (7 data or 7.45%), idiom with similar meaning but different form (2 data or 2.13%), idiom with similar meaning and form (1 datum or 1.06%) and borrowing (1 datum or 1.06%). Paraphrase is a common technique used by translators by elaborating the message from source language into target language when the equivalent of an idiom cannot be found (Baker, 2018).

ST
: We've been around for a long time.
Based on idioms.thefreedictionary.com, been around means have had many experiences in life; been present or active; had many and varied experiences; been experienced in the ways of the world. In KBBI, hidup means masih terus ada, bergerak, dan bekerja sebagaimana mestinya (tentang manusia, binatang, tumbuhan, dan sebagainya); mengalami kehidupan dalam keadaan atau dengan cara tertentu; bertempat tinggal (diam). The researcher considers hidup in the sentence above has the same meaning with been around since humans who live (hidup) in this world must have had much experience in life. It can be interpreted that the translators use paraphrase technique.
Omission of play of the idiom is done by transferring the literal meaning of the idiom (Baker, 2018).

ST
: I know it's a shot in the dark, but it feels like we're on to something big.

TT : Aku tahu ini direkam dalam gelap, tapi aku merasa kita akan menemukan sesuatu yang besar.
Based on idiom.thefreedictionary.com, a shot in the dark means a guess or estimate with very little or no assurance as to its accuracy. Bahasa Indonesia has the term untung-untungan which has the similar meaning as that of shot in the dark. In KBBI, untung-untungan means dengan mengandalkan nasib mujur saja (tanpa perhitungan akal sehat dan tanpa dipikirkan baik-baik). However, the translators translate the idiom literally into direkan dalam gelap. So, in translating datum 010, the translators use omission of a play of the idiom technique.
Omission of the entire idiom is a technique where the translators delete the idiom in target language since the idiom has no closest equivalent or difficult to be paraphrased (Baker, 2018).

TT : Berhenti menulis sampah membosankan seperti ini.
According to.thefreedictionary.com, wishy-washy means spineless, weak-willed, or ineffectual; lacking courage, resilience, or strength of character. The idiom is deleted in the translation. It means the translator applies omission of the entire idiom technique to translate the idiom.
The next technique is idiom with similar meaning but different form. It is uncommon to find idiom with similar meaning but different form in target language (Baker, 2018).

ST
: It's hard to explain despair since it can't be defined in one word, but anyway, it's not good and it's hard to break free from.
Break free means to escape from physical restraints, or to detach or separate something from an obstacle or restraint; to move away or separate from someone or something. Meanwhile, lari in KBBI means melangkahkan kaki dengan cepat yang pada setiap langkahnya kedua kaki tidak menjejak tanah; pergi (keluar) tidak dengan cara sah (baik-baik); kabur; pergi (berpindah) untuk menyelamatkan diri. It means, lari in the target language sentence does not mean in its literal sense. Lari here means to avoid something. So, both break free and lari have equivalent meaning. In this case, break free is translated by using idiom with similar meaning but different form.
The next technique which is exemplified is idiom with similar meaning and form. This technique is applied by using an idiom in the target language that conveys the same meaning and has a similar form as source language idiom but this kind of technique is rarely found (Baker, 2018).

ST
: I feel like a huge story just landed right in my lap!

TT : Aku merasa ada ide cerita besar yang jatuh di pangkuanku!
According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, land in someone's lap means to come to a person suddenly in an unexpected way even though he or she did not try to get it. Meanwhile, jatuh di pangkuan means belong to someone, for example, in the sentence Pasar induk Kemang jatuh di pangkuan Pemkot. It means the market is run by or belongs to the government. Land in someone's lap and jatuh di pangkuan have the presence element and they do not mean in their literal sense. The translation technique used to translate idiom 033 is therefore idiom with similar meaning and form technique.
Borrowing is the technique which is quite risky and not recommended because borrowing an idiom from source language and bringing it to the target language may cause misunderstanding to the target readers because the loaned idiom is not familiar to them.

ST
: She's worse than Jekyll and Hyde!
In the example, the translators use borrowing technique to translate the idiom. Jekyll and Hyde as idiom refers to a person whose personality drastically changes between good and bad. This idiom takes a reference to the main character from a book called Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson.

The quality of the translation of the idiomatic expressions
This section describes the quality of the translation of idiomatic expressions. This study uses the translation quality assessment model proposed by Nababan et al. (2012). The aspects determining the translation quality consist of accuracy, acceptability and readability. The assessment was done through focus group discussion which involved three raters. 1) Accuracy According to Nababan et al. (2012), accuracy is related to the message transferred from source language into target language. A translation is considered as accurate if the message from the source language is properly conveyed without distortion or ambiguity in meaning. The levels of accuracy levels are defined as accurate, less accurate and inaccurate. The findings of the data accuracy level are shown in Table 3. Accurate translation has the features that the meaning of technical term, phrase, sentence or text is translated accurately into the target language with no meaning distortion (Nababan et al. (2012)). Nababan et. al (2012) also stated that accurate translation is equivalent not only in terms of form but also the message. Referring to this model, a translation of idiom is classified into accurate when the idiom is translated into an idiom with similar meaning and form. In accordance to Mona Baker's theory, SMF technique might be the ideal technique but translators also need to consider the style, register and rhetorical effect. In this case, the translation is also classified as accurate when the idiom is translated into idiom with similar meaning but different form. In addition, translation is also called accurate when the idiom is translated into non-idiom in the target language but still has the same meaning.
The following is the example of an accurate translation.

ST
: Have you taken care of everything?
According to Meriam-Webster dictionary, take care of is an idiom which means to deal with or do (something that requires effort or attention). An example of the use of take care of is in the sentence 'My assistant takes care of all our travel arrangements'. Meanwhile bereskan in KBBI derives from the word beres which means teratur baik-baik; rapi; tidak kacau; selesai; bagus (terlaksana dengan baik). The suffix -kan in bereskan changes the part of speech of beres (adjective) into bereskan (verb). So, bereskan means menyelesaikan sesuatu or to do something or to get things done. In consequence, take care of and bereskan have the same meaning. In this case, the translation is considered accurate.

b. Less Accurate
Less accurate indicates that the meaning of the original text is generally translated, but there are some meaning distortions or manifold meanings of the translation, or some are removed, which interfere with the whole message. In this study, idiom translation is categorized as less accurate when the translation produces various meaning.

ST
: Looks like you've got some good ears, Winter!

TT
: Kau terlihat memiliki telinga yang bagus, Winter! Good ears is translated into telinga yang bagus by the translators using omission of play of the idiom (OP). This translation produces a less accurate translation since the meaning of good ears is generally translated but there is a various meaning in telinga yang bagus. Telinga yang bagus can be interpreted literally which means the ears have a good shape or it can be a compliment to someone because the person is able to hear accurately or understand what the person are hearing. Good ears can also mean a person with a good taste of music.
In the context of the occurrence datum 058, good ears is used to mean a person with a good taste of music. Translating good ears into telinga yang bagus is not a good choice since it produces double meanings. The translators can use PR technique to translate good ears into selera musik yang bagus instead of telinga yang bagus. As a result, the translation is less accurate.

c. Inaccurate
The category of inaccurate implies that the message from source language idiom is transferred incorrectly into the TL, or it is removed or deleted. In this research. Idiom in the target language is classified into inaccurate when it is deleted.
In the web idiom.thefreedictionary.com, wishy-washy is an idiom meaning spineless, weakwilled, or ineffectual; lacking courage, resilience, or strength of character. According to the example (datum 015), the translation is inaccurate since the idiom is deleted.

2) Acceptability
According to Nababan et al. (2012), acceptability deals with the suitability of a translation product to the norms and culture of the target language. Acceptability levels are divided into three categories: acceptable, less acceptable, and unacceptable. The results of the acceptability level are displayed in Table  4.

a. Acceptable
Acceptable translation means that the language in a translated text is widely used, familiar to readers, and conforms to target language norms. According to Table 4, 79 data are identified as acceptable. In this study, translations are classified into the category of acceptable if the expressions used in the target language are familiar idioms or familiar words or phrases.
The following is the example of acceptable translation.

ST
: That was close.. looks like that your decayed body comes in handy sometimes.
Come in handy is registered as an idiom in Lim's idiom dictionary which means turn out to be useful. Berguna in KBBI means berfaedah; bermanfaat; mendatangkan kebaikan (keuntungan), which means turn out to be useful. In the example above, the translator uses PR technique and it produces a translation with high level of acceptability because berguna is a word familiar to the target readers. As a result, this translation is classified as acceptable.

b. Less acceptable
Less acceptable translation means that the translation sounds natural, but there are also certain idiomatic expressions and grammatical errors that may result in a less acceptable translation (Nababan et.al., 2012). Table 4 shows that 7 data are classified as less acceptable. An example of less acceptable translation is shown below.

ST
: No, he might freak out and try to attack me or something! TT : Jangan, dia bisa marah lalu menyerangku atau melakukan hal yang tidak-tidak.
According to idioms.thefreedictionary.com, freak out means to startle or frighten someone. Meanwhile marah in KBBI means sangat tidak senang (karena dihina, diperlakukan tidak sepantasnya, dsb). Based on the context, freak out and marah do not have the same meaning. Indonesian has terkejut, in KBBI which means terperanjat or kaget that is equivalent to freak out. In this case, the translator causes an error because marah is not commonly used to represent to freak out, so the translation is less acceptable.

c. Unacceptable
Unacceptable translation does not feel natural, is not widely recognizable by the target readers, and does not conform to the target language system (Nababan et.al., 2012). Table 4 shows that 8 of the whole data are unacceptable. A translation is identified as unacceptable if the translation sounds awkward as if the translators omit the play of the idiom. The following is an example of unacceptable translation.

ST
: I can't wrap my head around this.
The translators used an OP technique to translate wrap my head around into menyembunyikan kepalaku. This technique makes the translation sounds unnatural and the translation is not commonly used in the society. In this case, the translation is classified into unacceptable translation.

3) Readibility
According to Nababan et al. (2012), readability is a tool for determining whether or not a translation is easy for target readers to understand. Readability is classified into three levels: high, medium, and low. The results of the readability level are presented in Table 5.

a. High
A translation is considered to have high readability if it is easily comprehended by target readers (Nababan et al., 2012). According to the TQA conducted in the FGD, a translation is identified as having JBSSA P-ISSN: 1410-5411 | E-ISSN: 2685-4503 high readability if the target reader could easily understand the text. Table 5 shows that 86 data have a high readability.

Example 1 (Datum No. 014) ST
: Anyway, take a look at it! TT : Ngomong-ngomong, lihat ini! According to idiom.thefreedictionary.com, take a look (at someone or something) means to glance or look at someone or something, especially in a quick, informal, or nonchalant manner. Meanwhile, lihat in KBBI means melihat that has the same meaning as take a look. This idiom is translated using paraphrase technique that makes the translation has high readability since it is easily understood by the readers.

b. Medium
According to the Nababan et al. (2012), medium level of readability means the text should be read more than once by the reader to understand the message. The researcher decided that a translation is considered to have medium level of readability if the translation uses words that make the target readers read more than once to comprehend the meaning or the message.
In this context, hook up means to arrange a date for two people. The translators use mengaitkan as the equivalent of the idiom which makes no sense because mengaitkan in KBBI means to connect two things. This makes the readers have to read the text two or three times to get the meaning. Therefore, the readability level of this translation is medium.

c. Low
Low readability indicates that the translation is extremely difficult for target readers to understand (Nababan, et al., 2012). Based on the TQA conducted by the researcher, a translation is categorized as low in terms of readability if the idiom is deleted or the phrase is translated literally so the target readers could not get the message the translators want to deliver.

Example 3 (Datum No. 050) ST
: She's worse than Jekyll and Hyde! TT : Dia lebih parah dibanding Jekyll dan Hyde! Jekyll and Hyde refers to a person whose personalities drastically changes between good and bad. This idiom takes a reference to the main character from a book entitled Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. This translation of idiom has a low readability since two out of three readers do not recognize the character's name and the book. So, they do not know the meaning.

Discussion
This sub-chapter describes further discussion on the impact of the translation techniques on the translation quality of the idiomatic expressions. The researcher will also relate the findings to the theories and the findings of another researcher. The impact of the translation techniques on the translation quality is presented in the following table.
JBSSA P-ISSN: 1410-5411 | E-ISSN: 2685-4503 The assessment applying TQA model from Nababan et al. (2012) shows that the translation techniques have an impact on translation quality. According to the findings of this study, paraphrase has an impact on high accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
Paraphrase is applied by paraphrasing or explaining the meaning of idioms in the target language. In the book In Other Words, Mona Baker (2018) stated that paraphrasing is a frequent or common technique used by translators to minimize misinterpretation. As a result, it is possible to assume that the PR technique has a positive impact on the high accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the translation.
Meanwhile, some translations using omission of play technique has produced lower quality compared to PR in terms of accuracy but gives good impact concerning acceptability and readability. One of the examples is 'you must be tired from all that running around today' (datum no. 036). The translation of running around in this comic is berlari-lari. According to the Cambridge English Dictionary, the idiom running around means to be very busy doing something. Since the scene in which the sentence is used shows that the person is literally running around before the speaker says the utterance and the translation is made as stated (berlari-lari). The translators use OP technique to translate running around into berlari-lari. As a result, this translation gets 2 for the accuracy but gets 3 for the acceptability because the translation is commonly used in daily conversation and also gets 3 for its readability since the readers can easily understand the text without reading it over and over.
This research revealed that there is a condition when omission of play technique gives bad impact on all 3 aspects. The following datum is a good example, 'I know it's a shot in the dark, but it feels like we're on to something big' (datum no. 010). A shot in the dark means a wild, unsubstantiated guess; a guess or estimate with very little or no assurance as to its accuracy. The translators translate the idiom into direkam dalam gelap. It is true that the context shows a person bringing camera to shoot something in the dark but it is obvious that the translators translate the idiom by applying OP technique. This kind of translation results in low score in terms of accuracy, acceptability also readability since the idiom have different meaning in the target language. Also, the translation is not common for the target readers and does not sound natural. Furthermore, the translation makes the target readers confused so they should read it twice or more to get the meaning.
Meanwhile, this study found an interesting case regarding the omission of entire idiom technique. Even though the OE technique causes a negative impact on accuracy and acceptability, OE shows a good impact concerning the level of readability. An example is 'stop writing this boring wishy-washy crap' (datum No. 014). This sentence is translated into 'Berhenti menulis sampah membosankan seperti ini'. This translation gets a low score of accuracy and acceptability because the idiom is not present in the target language. Wishy-washy in this sentence is deleted by the translators but the readers still fully understand the sentence because there is a word membosankan that can represent the wishy-washy as the adjective of the word crap.
Furthermore, idiom with similar meaning and form gives good impact on accuracy and acceptability but it gives bad impact on readability. According to Mona Baker (2018;p.77), idiom with similar meaning and form might be the ideal technique to translate the idiom but translators should consider the question of style, register and also the rhetorical effect. This might be the reason why this technique does not give high score in all 3 aspects. One example is 'I feel like a huge story just landed right in my lap!' (datum no. 033). Landed in my lap is translated into jatuh di pangkuanku. This phrase is accurately translated and also gets a high score in terms of acceptability. However, this translation makes some of the target readers confused because some of them is not familiar to this target language expression. JBSSA P-ISSN: 1410-5411 | E-ISSN:  Similar to idiom with similar meaning and form, idiom with similar meaning but different form might be the ideal technique to translate the idiom but it is not only the case. Interestingly, idiom with similar meaning but different form technique gives good impact in all 3 aspects, for example, 'by the way' (datum No. 037) is translated into ngomong-ngomong. Ngomong means talk in English but then, ngomong-ngomong is a phrase used to add an information or to start a new topic in a conversation. In this case, ngomong-ngomong does not mean as it is. As a result, the translators are identified to use SMDF technique to translate the phrase. This phrase is accurately translated and the translation is also acceptable. Furthermore, the target readers also fully understand the translation. So, the translation is also readable.
Meanwhile, BR gives bad impact on the acceptability and readability even though it is high in terms of the level of accuracy, for example, 'she is worse than Jekyll and Hyde' (datum no. 049). Jekyll and Hyde is an idiom which means a person with two different personalities. The translators of this comic borrow the term Jekyll and Hyde to translate the idiom. It is high in terms of the level of accuracy but this kind of translation does not sound natural and it is not common to several target readers. The readability is also low since some of the readers do not understand the term Jekyll and Hyde. In this case, the translators need to avoid using BR technique.
Previous research conducted by Sagala in 2017and Buditama in 2018used Larson's (1984 theory of good translation to examine the quality of the translation which only focuses on acceptability of the translation. In Sagala's findings, 52 data are classified into ideal-acceptable translation. As many as 13 data are acceptable, 4 data are unacceptable and 3 data are considered as failed translation. Sagala concluded that the idioms translation in Inside Out movie is considered a good translation since the translations are mostly classified as acceptable translations. Meanwhile, in his research, Buditama found that 94.2% of the data are acceptable and 5.8% are unacceptable. Based on his research, Buditama concluded that the translation of idiomatic expressions in Dangerous Mind movie is good since around 72% of the translations are identified as ideal-acceptable translation. Unfortunately, both studies by Sagala (2017) and Buditama (2018) did not discuss the impact of the strategies used by the translator to translate the idiomatic expressions on the quality of the translation. In this case, this point of discussion cannot be compared with the two studies.
Translating idiomatic expressions is not easy. The translator should master the two languages. Other than that, the translator should be familiar with idioms in both languages. In addition, the translator should be careful in choosing the strategies in translating the idioms so that the translation has a good quality.
In spite of every difficulty of the idiom translation mentioned above, the translation quality of the idiomatic expressions found in the 'Winter Wood' comic is considered accurate, acceptable and readable with the overall score of translation quality of 2.72.

CONCLUSION
There are total of 94 data in forms of idiomatic expressions identified in this study. The dominant type of idiomatic expressions found in this research is phrasal verb, the next most frequently found idioms are idiom with verb as keyword, idiom with noun as keyword, idiom with adjective as keyword and prepositional phrase.
The most frequently used translation technique is paraphrase, and the next frequently used techniques are omission of play and omission of the entire idiom, idiom with similar meaning and form, and idiom with similar meaning but different form. The translation technique that gives good impact on the translation quality is paraphrase. Meanwhile, the techniques that give bad impact are omission of play and borrowing which result in low score on the accuracy, acceptability and readability aspects.
The translators of idiomatic expressions should pay attention to the translation of idioms since translators have to transfer the meaning from source language into target language accurately and also give no problems to the target readers in understanding the message. The translators should be familiar with the equivalents of the idioms in the target language. However, if the translators find it difficult to find the similar idioms in the TL, paraphrasing is the best choice to prevent any misunderstandings to the target readers. Meanwhile, borrowing technique should be avoided since it results in low quality translation.