Tannins Compound in Soga Tingi Bark (Ceriops Tagal) as Natural Dyes

In general, natural dyes for textile materials are obtained from extracts part of the plants such as roots, wood, leaves, seeds, and flower. Textile industry especially batik craftsman, have known many plants that can dye textile materials, such as indigo (indigofera), soga tingi bark (Ceriops tagal), tegeran wood (Cudraina javanensis), turmeric (Curcuma), tea (The), noni root (Morinda citrifelia), soga jambal bark (Pelthophorum ferruginum), kesumba (Bixa orelana), and guava leaf (Psidiumguajava). Soga tingi bark chosen because it can produce tannins which can be used as natural dyes. The purpose of this research was to obtained tannin content in soga tingi bark as qualitatively and quantitatively. The analysis carried out is FTIR and HPLC method. FTIR analysis carried out to determine of the compounds contained in the soga tingi bark extraction. Based on FTIR analysis it can be seen that there are O-H and N-H group in the wavenumber 3375,13 cm-1. C=O bond at wavenumber 1739,16 cm-1. C=C bond at wavenumber 1624,31 cm-1. C-H bond at wavenumbers 2970,72 cm-1, 1456,39 cm-1, and 1365,74 cm-1. NO2 bond at wavenumber 1365,74 cm-1. C-N bond at wavenumbers 1228,69 cm-1 and 1217,34 cm-1. And C-O bond at wavenumbers 1228,69 cm-1, 1217,34 cm-1, and 1052,3 cm-1. While HPLC analysis carried out to determine contains tannin level in the soga tingi bark extraction. HPLC conditions used are Flowrate: 1 mL/min, Mobile phase: MeOH : H2O (50:50), λ: 271 nm and Column: C18, 250 mm. Based on HPLC analysis it is known that the contains tannin level in the soga tingi bark extraction is 22,44 ppm.


INTRODUCTION
Synthetic dyes harms the environment. In synthetic dyes, contains sulfur, naphthol, vat dyes, nitrates, acetic acid, soaps, chromium compounds, and heavy metals like copper, arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and cobalt and certain auxiliary chemicals all collectively make the effluent highly toxic. Other harmful chemicals present in the water may be formaldehyde-based dye fixing agents, hydrocarbon-based softeners, and nonbiodegradable dyeing chemicals [4]. These chemicals will threaten human health and environmental sustainability if allowed to be used continuously. In the green consumers era, interest in natural dyes grew as an alternative to synthetic dyes. Natural dyes are alternatives that are non-toxic, renewable, easily degraded and environmentally friendly [16]. This matter for the challenge for the textile industry to raise environmental issues effort to maintain its existence. Visalakshi and Jawaharlal (2013) state that natural dyes can be obtained from plants, animals or minerals [15].
Almost all parts of a plant when extracted can produce dyes, such as: flowers, fruit, leaves, seeds, bark, stems and roots [10]. Natural dyes for textile materials are obtained from extracts part of the plants such as roots, woods, leaves, seeds, and flowers. Textile industry especially batik craftsman, have known many plants that can dye textile materials, such as indigo (indigofera), soga tingi bark (Ceriops tagal), tegeran wood (Cudraina javanensis), turmeric (Curcuma), tea (The), noni root (Morinda citrifelia), soga jambal bark (Pelthophorum ferruginum), kesumba (Bixa orelana), and guava leaf (Psidiumguajava) [13]. Plants that can be extracted into dyes are very diverse, one of them is a soga tingi bark. Tingi tree (Ceriops tagal) is a very potential source of tannins and this tree is a mangrove species [12]. Tall wood is used as firewood while the bark is used as a batik dye for soga color mix (tegeran wood, high bark, and jambal) [5].
Soga tingi bark produces tannins which are often to use as tanner material and also coloring agents for paint [3]. Tannins from soga tingi bark (Ceriops tagal) can vary, from 13% to more than 40% a common and important feature of mangrove bark. These tannins are included in the group of condensed tannins procyanidin type, so dying with soga tingi bark gives a reddish-brown color [3]. Tannin is a very complex component of organic substances, consisting of phenolic compounds that are difficult to separate and difficult to crystallize, precipitate proteins from their solutions and compound with these proteins [2].
Until now the most frequently used separation method is the solvent extraction method because of its effectiveness and efficiency compared to other separation methods [14]. According to Purnomo (2004) natural dyes can be obtained by extracting from various parts of the plant using water solvents at high or low temperatures [11].Soga tingi bark are used as dyes because they contain tannins. Tannins extract was obtained by the extraction method [7].
The purpose of this research was to obtained tannin content in soga tingi bark as qualitatively and quantitatively. The analysis carried out is FTIR and HPLC method

Materials and tools
The ingredients used are Soga tingi bark (Ceriops tagal) obtained from Cilacap,Water obtained from the Process Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Sebelas Maret University Surakarta.
The tools used are Stirring motor,Mercury stirrer,Beaker glasses,Elektric stove,Thermometer,Stative, Spectrophotometer (FTIR) Fourier Transform Infra-Red merk perkin elmer type frontier in the Laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Semarang State University and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) perkin elmer aitus A-10 in the Integrated Laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Sebelas Maret University Surakarta.

Procedure
The first step is the manufacture of natural dyes by mixing 20 grams of soga tingi bark (Ceriops tagal) added with a water solvent at a ratio of 1:10 to the ingredients [8]. Furthermore, extraction was carried out for 30 minutes at a temperature of 96˚C and the motor stirring rotation was 343 rpm. The extract obtained as much as 40 mL, then tested with FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra-red) and HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). The tannin levels in the soga can be calculated by the equation Paryanto

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
From the FTIR spectroscopy test, a sample of soga tingi bark (Ceriops tagal) obtained the infrared spectrum as shown in Figure 1.   Table 1  The FTIR spectrum results obtained in this study are almost the same as the research spectrum data by Kasmudjiastuti (2014), obtained tannin function groups in bark soga are hydroxyl groups (OH), aromatic groups (CH), ester groups (C = O ) [5]. This was confirmed by Marais et al. (2006) revealed that flavonone is a building unit of proanthocyanidin compounds which are condensed tannins. Parubak (2013) who found that the flavonoid compounds from the flavonone group had OH bound functional groups, aliphatic CH, C = O, C = C Aromatic, C-O and C -H aromatics [6]. HPLC test was carried out at the Flowrate condition: 1 mL/min, Motion phase: MeOH: H 2O (50:50), λ: 271 nm and Column: C18, 250 mm [9].
Research conducted by Kasmudjiastuti (2014) in extracts of soga tingi bark (Ceriops tagal) 151.51 grams extracted from soga tingi bark (Ceriops tagal) weighing 4 kilo grams with the method of comparison of bark height with 1: 3 solvents obtained levels of tannin amounted to 70.91%. From the results of our research and research conducted by Kasmudjiastuti levels of tannins in the bark of soga tingi (Ceriops tagal) are high enough so that the bark of soga tingi is very good as a natural dye of cloth ,especially batik cloth so as to reduce the use of synthetic dyes that are harmful to the environment and humans.

CONCLUSION
The FTIR test shows that there are O-H, N-H, C = O, C = C, C-H, NO 2, C-N, and C-O groups in sample of soga tingi bark (Ceriops tagal) which are identified as containing tannin compounds.The tannin content contained in the soga tingi bark (Ceriops tagal) is 22,44 ppm.