The Regulation of Integrity Zone and the Corruption-Free Zone in Indonesia and Rusia

ABSTRACT


Introduction
To effectively anticipate criminal acts and maintain order within a society, governments should enact legal prohibitions against criminal behavior, establishing them as binding norms for the entire community. 1This approach is rooted in the concept of the rule of law, a fundamental principle that restricts individuals within a community from engaging in criminal activities.The rule of law can manifest through legislation and other established rules, embodying a general and universal standard within a legal system.Thusly, a general public expects to make an organized system that stops and forestalls evil acts, advancing a more secure and more methodical climate for its individuals. 2This legitimate structure goes about as an impediment as well as gives a premise to the fair and steady use of equity, cultivating trust in the overall set of laws, and advancing social concordance.The idea of law and order, as a central part of administration, is essential for maintaining the standards of equity, balance, and security inside a general public. 3e penal means involve the application of legal sanctions and punitive measures to hold individuals accountable for criminal acts.This viewpoint is firmly connected with the field of criminal regulation, zeroing in on examining, indicting, and rebuffing wrongdoers inside a lawful structure. 4Then again, non-correctional means incorporate different protection and rehabilitative measures, which are basic parts of regulatory regulation.Regulatory regulation is a part of public regulation that oversees the capabilities and exercises of managerial organizations and guarantees their activities are as per the law and guidelines. 5ith regards to criminal governmental issues, managerial regulation assumes a fundamental part in laying out and carrying out non-punitive systems to forestall wrongdoing and debasement.These methodologies might incorporate arrangement advancement, guideline requirement, state funded training, local area commitment, and emotionally supportive networks for the restoration and reintegration of wrongdoers.The connection between criminal governmental issues and managerial regulation is harmonious, with authoritative regulation giving the structure and components to work with the execution of noncorrectional measures. 6is may involve creating regulatory frameworks, establishing oversight bodies, enhancing transparency and accountability, and promoting ethical conduct within both the public and private sectors.By effectively utilizing both penal and non-penal means within the framework of administrative law, society can comprehensively address criminal activities and corruption, ultimately promoting a safer and more just community.In the context of discussing crime prevention issues, including overcoming corruption, the term is known as Criminal Politics.Criminal Politics (Criminal Policy) as a rational effort of society in tackling crime, operationally can be carried out either through penal or non-penal means.The penal and non-penal means are a pair of each other.cannot be separated, it can even be said that the two complement each other in efforts to combat corruption. 7rruption, an unavoidable cultural issue negatively affects the administration, financial matters, and social prosperity. 8A managerial methodology is pivotal in fighting blasphemy, as it includes the orderly utilization of authoritative and administrative measures to forestall, identify, and address degenerate practices.This approach stresses the job of regulatory regulation, strategies, and foundations in making a structure that advances straightforwardness, responsibility, and respectability inside people in general and confidential areas.Compelling organizations can lay out oversight instruments, implement hostile to debasement regulations, and cultivate a culture of consistence, fundamentally adding to decreasing defilement.Directing our concentration toward Indonesia, defilement stays a significant test with boundless ramifications.The nation wrestles with different types of debasement, going from insignificant pay off to fabulous defilement at both nearby and public levels. 9Degenerate practices influence different areas, including government offices, policing, legal executive, and business.Endeavors to battle debasement in Indonesia include authoritative changes, the foundation of against defilement organizations, and public mindfulness crusades.Regardless of these endeavors, more work is expected to resolve the profoundly settled in issue of debasement and its hindering effect on cultural turn of events.
In Russia, debasement is likewise a huge concern and presents a remarkable arrangement of difficulties.The predominance of defilement in Russia is obvious across various areas, like policy management, policing, business. 10Great defilement including high-positioning authorities is an especially major problem.The sorts of debasement in Russia envelop pay off, misappropriation, nepotism, and maltreatment of force.The Russian government has put forth attempts to handle defilement through legitimate changes, against debasement systems, and global participation.Nonetheless, really tending to debasement in Russia requires supported endeavors, reinforcing establishments, and encouraging a culture of straightforwardness and responsibility. 11Nearly, both Indonesia and Russia wrestle with defilement; notwithstanding, the levels and public view of debasement contrast.International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) gives a near examination, positioning nations in view of seen debasement levels.Indonesia has gained ground as of late, further developing its CPI positioning, and demonstrating expanded endeavors to battle debasement.Then again, Russia's CPI positioning features diligent difficulties, showing a requirement for more significant enemy of debasement measures.Understanding these BESTUUR ISSN 2722-4708  Vol.11, No.2, December, 2023, pp.235-270   Anis Widyawati et.al (The Regulation of Integrity Zone and the Corruption-Free Zone…) distinctions considers informed techniques and worldwide participation to address defilement really in the two countries, holding back nothing free and just society. 12mitations of the ability of criminal law in tackling criminal acts of corruption, namely its effectiveness depend entirely on the ability of the infrastructure to support facilities and infrastructure, the professional ability of law enforcement officers, and the legal culture of the community. 13The weakness of this infrastructure will reduce the input in the criminal justice system, or in other words, the perpetrators of criminal acts that can be detected will decrease, so that hidden criminals will increase.The ability to carry out investigations and evidence both in preliminary examinations and in court trials is a variable that greatly affects the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. 14

Research Method
In this legal research, the author uses qualitative research method is an approach used to understand social phenomena through in-depth interpretation of the context, meanings, and experiences of individuals or groups. 15This method does not focus on numerical measurement but rather on descriptive analysis, data collection through interviews, observations, and document analysis to gain a deep understanding of the complexity of social phenomena.In contrast, the comparative law approach is a research methodology that involves the examination and comparison of legal systems originating from diverse countries or regions. 16Its primary objective is to scrutinize the commonalities and distinctions between these legal frameworks while assessing how they impact both society and policymaking.The ultimate goal of this approach is to enhance our comprehension of the multifaceted nature of legal systems across the globe and to identify opportunities for implementing best practices drawn from these distinct legal contexts.Normative legal analysis is legal research that uses secondary data sources in the form of legislation, legal theory. 17In other words, normative legal research is legal research conducted by researching library material.In the normative juridical legal analysis, library material is the necessary data in a study classified as secondary data, which views the law as positive norms in the national legal system of legislation. 18Normative legal research uses library 12 Grant W. Walton, Meg Keen, and Quentin Hanich, 'Can Greater Transparency  materials or secondary data consisting of primary legal documents and is assisted using observation and interviews to strengthen secondary data. 19

Administrative Measures Implemented in Russia
Regulatory measures carried out in Russia envelop a different exhibit of guidelines and strategies intended to oversee and oversee different parts of the country's managerial construction. 20These actions are crucial in guaranteeing compelling administration, keeping social control, and maintaining law and order inside the country.The managerial framework in Russia is vigorously impacted by the verifiable and social setting of the country, portrayed by areas of strength for a methodology. 21The public authority utilizes managerial measures to control and direct key areas like the economy, public administrations, policing, instruction, and social government assistance.At the center of Russia's managerial measures lies an arrangement of government and local administration.The central government lays out all-encompassing arrangements and guidelines, while locales are designated sure regulatory powers and obligations.The government framework is intended to adjust the requirement for incorporated control with the need to oblige provincial specificities.Regulatory measures are many times established through announcements, orders, and regulations given by the President, the Bureau of Clergymen, or other pertinent government bodies.These actions act as rules for managerial organizations and authorities at different levels.In terms of economic governance, administrative measures are utilized to regulate trade, investment, taxation, and business operations.
The government employs tariffs, trade restrictions, and taxation policies to safeguard domestic industries and foster economic growth.Additionally, administrative measures are employed to oversee public services such as healthcare and education, ensuring that these vital sectors adhere to national standards and are accessible to all citizens.Law enforcement and public safety are fundamental areas where administrative measures play a crucial role. 22Guidelines are set up to administer the exercises of policing, guaranteeing consistency with law and order and safeguarding residents' freedoms.These actions are essential in keeping social control and resolving issues connected with wrongdoing, public well-being, and public safety.Moreover, regulatory measures are instrumental in forming the medical services framework, deciding arrangements on general well-being, overseeing the medical services foundation, and carrying out systems to address wellbeing-related difficulties. 23e Russian government has wrestled with the unavoidable issue of debasement inside its regulatory mechanical assembly and society overall. 24Throughout the long term, the public authority has gone to a few lengths to handle this issue.One huge step was the foundation of against debasement bodies and organizations, for example, the Federal Anti-Corruption Service ( 2008) and later the Presidential Council for Countering Corruption (2008).These bodies were ordered to plan against defilement strategies, lead examinations, and propose administrative corrections to successfully battle debasement.Moreover, Russia confirmed the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) in 2006, exhibiting its obligation to worldwide enemy of debasement endeavors and principles. 25gulative changes have moreover been a groundwork of the Russian government's foe of contamination strategy.The gathering of guidelines like the Administrative Guideline on Battling Corruption (2008) and the Public Adversary of Contamination Plan (2018) features the public power's expects to fight degradation widely. 26These guidelines intended to redesign straightforwardness, obligation, and disciplines for degenerate practices in both everyone and private regions.Also, there have been drives to augment straightforwardness in open securing cycles and asset declarations for public specialists to ease astounding entryways for corruption.To encourage public involvement in the fight against corruption, Russia has implemented mechanisms for reporting corruption, such as hotlines and online platforms.Whistleblower protection has been addressed through legislation to safeguard individuals reporting corruption from potential retaliation.Additionally, efforts have been made to raise awareness and educate the public about the detrimental effects of corruption through various campaigns and educational programs.Despite these measures, challenges persist in effectively addressing corruption. 27The enforcement of anti-corruption laws and policies remains a concern, with allegations of selective application and inadequate prosecution of high-ranking officials.A lack of an independent judiciary, limited media freedom, and political influence over anti-corruption initiatives are other notable challenges.Continued efforts to strengthen institutions, improve transparency, enhance legal frameworks, and foster a culture of integrity will be essential to combating corruption effectively and promoting sustainable development in Russia.

Assessment of the Impact and Effectiveness of These Measure
Evaluating the effect and viability of the Russian government's enemy of defilement measures requires a multi-layered investigation of all parts of strategy execution, execution, and results. 28Debasement has long tormented Russia, hampering its financial turn of events, subverting public trust and misshaping administration.Accordingly, the Russian government carried out various enemy of debasement measures, including lawful changes, the foundation of hostile to defilement organizations and the consenting to of worldwide collaboration arrangements.These endeavors are pointed toward expanding straightforwardness, responsibility and corrective measures against degenerate practices.In any case, to evaluate its effect, factors, for example, the pervasiveness of debasement, public discernments, arraignments and fundamental change should be thought of The Russian government has attempted to battle defilement through regulation that condemns degenerate exercises, increments straightforwardness in government tasks, and supports detailing.The adequacy of these regulations in controling debasement relies generally upon their implementation and the responsibility of policing to arraign cases decently and thoroughly.Furthermore, the viability of against debasement measures is additionally impacted by the political will of all degrees of government and society to combat corruption. 29e creation of specialized anti-corruption agencies, such as the Federal Anti-Corruption Service (now part of the Ministry of Interior) and the Anti-Corruption Service of the Attorney General's Office, is an important step in the fight against corruption. 30hese agencies are tasked with investigating corruption cases and coordinating anticorruption measures.Nonetheless, their effectiveness depends on their independence, competence and ability to act without political interference.International cooperation and participation in global anti-corruption initiatives are also important aspects of Russia's anti-corruption approach.Russia is a certifier to international conventions and agreements on the prohibition of corruption and money laundering.However, effective implementation and collaboration with international bodies require sustained commitment and cooperation.
To assess the impact of these measures, one must consider corruption perception indices, prosecution rates, conviction rates, and public surveys on corruption experiences and perceptions.Furthermore, the degree of media opportunity and common society's part in checking and writing about debasement are significant marks of progress in enemy of defilement endeavors.Notwithstanding these endeavors, the viability of measures stays a subject of discussion, with progressing difficulties, for example, profoundly dug in defilement organizations, absence of political will, and the requirement for supported and thorough changes to establish out debasement in Russian culture. 31

Comparison of the Approaches Used in Indonesia and Russia
A comparison of the approaches used to address corruption in Indonesia and Russia reveals distinctive strategies and outcomes for combating this pervasive issue. 32Indonesia has wrestled with debasement as a longstanding issue, thwarting its social, monetary, and political advancement.The Indonesian government has embraced a multi-pronged methodology, joining legitimate changes, institutional reinforcing, public mindfulness missions, and global cooperation.The foundation of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) as a free enemy of debasement organization with critical powers for examination and indictment has been a sign of Indonesia's endeavors.Be that as it may, in spite of these endeavors, defilement stays a diligent test, with some highlighting the requirement for improved implementation, more grounded legitimate systems, and better coordinated effort across areas.Then again, Russia likewise faces well established debasement issues, influencing different areas of society. 33e Russian government has answered with regulative changes, against defilement organizations, and worldwide associations, intending to check debasement and further develop straightforwardness. 34 Organizations like the Government Against Defilement Administration and the Counter Debasement Directorate inside the Examiner General's Office are central participants in the country's enemy of debasement endeavors.Incidentally, challenges persist, including political effect, institutional deficiencies, and the necessity for more grounded approval and affirmed liability from all levels of government.Likewise, the two countries have taken regulative measures and spread out foe of pollution associations to deal with degradation.Regardless, the sufficiency of these activities depends upon a couple of factors, including execution, political will, public responsibility, and worldwide facilitated exertion.Indonesia's experience with the KPK highlights the potential effectiveness of a specialized, independent anti-corruption agency, while Russia's approach emphasizes strengthening existing governmental institutions.In both cases, sustained efforts, public support, and a holistic approach that addresses the cultural and structural aspects of corruption are crucial for achieving long-term success in combating corruption. 35e recognizable proof of normal difficulties faced by Indonesia and Russia in fighting debasement requires an extensive comprehension of the socio-political and monetary settings of the two countries.Both Indonesia and Russia battle with fundamental debasement, which sabotages majority rule administration, smothers monetary development and disintegrates public confidence in foundations.In Indonesia, unavoidable debasement is frequently credited to variables like feeble policing, regulatory cycles, political support, and an absence of straightforward and responsible administration.The nation has put forth attempts to battle debasement through the foundation of defilement organizations and regulations, similar to the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK).Notwithstanding, provokes continue because of obstruction from personal stakes, deficient assets, and issues of purview and coordination among defilement bodies. 36milarly, Russia grapples with deep-rooted corruption stemming from a history of bureaucratic inefficiencies, a lack of rule of law, and a culture of corruption deeply embedded within various sectors. 37Corruption is exacerbated by factors like centralized power structures, weak judiciary independence, and a history of informal networks that facilitate corrupt practices.Notwithstanding organizing hostile to defilement regulations and bodies like the Counter Debasement Gathering and the Government Hostile to Defilement Administration, requirement stays a critical obstacle because of political impact, an absence of assets, and difficulties connected with straightforwardness and public support.Moreover, a huge and different geographic scene in the two nations adds to varieties in the commonness and types of debasement, requiring custom-fitted methodologies and techniques to battle the issue successfully.
Both Indonesia and Russia likewise face the test of global debasement, where crossline defilement organizations and tax evasion entangle endeavors to really handle defilement.Tending to these difficulties requires a multi-layered approach, incorporating lawful changes, reinforcing hostile to debasement establishments, advancing straightforwardness and responsibility, upgrading public mindfulness and instruction, and encouraging worldwide collaboration and data sharing.Cooperation between the two nations, sharing prescribed procedures, and gaining from one another's encounters can be valuable in conceiving more successful enemy of defilement methodologies.Besides, advancing a culture of trustworthiness, moral way of behaving, and metro commitment is critical for producing enduring change and it isn't endured to fabricate social orders where defilement.

The Regulation of Integrity Zone and the Corruption-Free Zone
The administrative approach, as a method of managing organizations and processes, has its own set of limitations and flaws that warrant discussion.One of the key limitations lies in its potential to foster bureaucratic rigidity and inefficiency.The hierarchical structure and strict adherence to rules and procedures can slow down decision-making processes, impeding adaptability and responsiveness to changing circumstances. 38Additionally, the administrative approach often overlooks the human and social aspects of organizations, BESTUUR ISSN 2722-4708  Vol.11, No.2, December, 2023, pp.235-270   Anis Widyawati et.al (The Regulation of Integrity Zone and the Corruption-Free Zone…) focusing predominantly on formal structures and processes. 39This oversight can lead to neglecting employee motivation, engagement, and creativity, which are vital for organizational success and innovation.Furthermore, the bureaucratic nature of the administrative approach may result in a lack of agility and creativity, inhibiting organizations from effectively addressing dynamic and complex challenges in today's rapidly evolving global landscape.
Moreover, the administrative approach may encounter challenges in dealing with diverse and multicultural workforces.Its normalized cycles and one-size-fits-all approach may not be reasonable for associations with workers from shifted social foundations, possibly blocking viable correspondence, joint effort, and union inside the association.Moreover, the hierarchical dynamic quality of the managerial methodology might smother representative strengthening and contribution in the dynamic cycle, prompting diminished work fulfillment and lower resolve among the labor force. 40other flaw is its potential to create silos within an organization, where different departments or units operate independently, inhibiting seamless collaboration and information flow.This compartmentalization can hinder overall organizational efficiency and obstruct holistic problem-solving.Lastly, the administrative approach might struggle to effectively address ethical considerations and societal responsibilities, as it primarily focuses on achieving organizational objectives and efficiency without always adequately incorporating ethical dimensions into decision-making processes.Overall, while the administrative approach offers structure and stability to organizations, it is essential to recognize its limitations and complement it with other approaches to foster a more balanced and adaptable organizational framework. 41e use of the Administrative Law Policy through the Corruption-Free Zone (WBK) stands as a significant step in the fight against criminal activities. 42It has been adopted by various countries to combat corruption within public administration.In this passage, we'll delve into this policy, its primary goals, the rationale behind its implementation, and the positive influence it exerts in the battle against corruption.Primarily, the WBK serves as a collaborative space for government and public entities to establish a corruption-free zone.Its primary aim is to guarantee that public services and government processes are conducted with the utmost integrity, transparency, and accountability. 43In simpler terms, the WBK strives to create an environment where corruption finds it hard to take root and endure.The primary goals of the WBK policy are multifaceted.Initially, it strives to minimize and prevent unlawful corrupt practices within the realm of public administration.
BESTUUR ISSN 2722-4708  Vol.11, No.2, December, 2023, pp.235-270   Anis Widyawati et.al (The Regulation of Integrity Zone and the Corruption-Free Zone…) Corruption has the potential to undermine public trust in the government, impede economic progress, and negatively impact the populace.Through the WBK, the government expresses its dedication to eliminating corruption at its core.Secondly, the WBK seeks to enhance the caliber of public services and streamline bureaucratic processes.When corruption is curtailed, government resources and finances can be allocated more efficiently for the welfare of the public. 44e meaning of the WBK strategy can't be put into words. 45Debasement has turned into a central issue in numerous nations around the world, truly hurting the two legislatures and residents.This damage appears as abusing public assets, reducing the nature of public administrations, and thwarting monetary development and venture.Moreover, defilement subverts the center principles of a majority rules system and law and order by dissolving the freedom of government organizations and the equity framework.Consequently, to pursue a fair and prosperous society, there is a critical interest for hearty enemy of defilement activities, with the WBK filling in as a significant instrument in this significant exertion.
In the execution of the WBK strategy, a few significant advances should be taken by the public authority.Right off the bat, building framework that upholds straightforwardness and accountability is fundamental.This incorporates the foundation of guidelines and arrangements that administer great administration and debasement avoidance.The public authority should likewise guarantee that its foundations have the limit and assets important to complete the WBK strategy. 46This includes preparing government workers, making against debasement units, and creating secure announcing frameworks.Besides, including the general population during the time spent defilement anticipation is critical to the progress of the WBK strategy.The public authority should advance public cooperation, including through training and mindfulness crusades about the risks of defilement.At times, the public authority can team up with NGOs and the confidential area to take part in enemy of debasement drives.Moreover, a solid general set of laws and policing significant components of the WBK strategy.Defilement should be managed solidly and without separation.This incorporates powerful examinations, fair preliminaries, and fitting punishments for degenerate people.Besides, informant security is a significant stage in supporting debasement avoidance.The public should have a solid sense of reassurance detailing degenerate practices unafraid of backlashes.
The effect of the WBK strategy is huge in the battle against defilement.The arrangement, first and foremost, can upgrade public confidence in the public authority.At the point when individuals accept that the public authority doesn't generally mess around with fighting defilement, public trust can increment, accordingly uplifting support in the political and administration processes.Also, the WBK can work on administrative 44 Hudali Mukti and Bobur Baxtishodovich Sobirov, 'Environmental Justice at the Environmental Regulation in Indonesia and Uzbekistan', Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System, 3.3 (2023) effectiveness and the nature of public administrations.Without debasement, public assets and financial plans can be distributed all the more successfully to support general society. 47n the long haul, the WBK can likewise further develop the speculation environment and financial development.Financial backers will more often than not like to put resources into nations with a business climate liberated from debasement, as they believe that their ventures will be overseen well and without separation.Thusly, the WBK strategy can assist with making position, increment pay, and work on financial prosperity.
Other than these positive effects, the WBK likewise achieves social changes in policy implementation.Government representatives and public authorities should adjust to a culture that advances uprightness, straightforwardness, and responsibility.They ought to be familiar with working in a climate where degenerate practices are not endured and are destroyed.This might be testing, in any case, it will make a more grounded and more help situated government framework.Albeit the WBK strategy has many advantages, there are likewise difficulties in its execution.One of the primary difficulties is opposition from people who might be engaged with degenerate practices.They might endeavor to hinder or frustrate defilement avoidance endeavors, particularly in the event that their advantages are compromised.Subsequently, solid policing security for informants are critical in tending to this opposition.Furthermore, the WBK strategy likewise requires adequate assets, both regarding financial plan and labor force.Laying out specific establishments to direct and execute the WBK strategy can be monetarily troublesome.The public authority should be focused on distributing sufficient assets to guarantee the outcome of this strategy. 48litical will and enforcement are two pivotal elements in the functioning of a government and the implementation of policies and laws. 49Political will refers to the determination and commitment of government leaders to prioritize and pursue a specific course of action, often aligned with their ideological stance or public interest.It involves the willingness to invest resources, effort, and influence to achieve a desired outcome.The strength of political will can significantly impact policy formulation, implementation, and sustainability.For instance, in addressing pressing societal issues like climate change or healthcare reform, a government's genuine commitment and determination to effect change through policy initiatives are critical.Then again, requirement incorporates the systems and activities embraced to guarantee consistence with regulations, guidelines, and strategies.Compelling requirement includes the sending of policing, checking frameworks, punishments for resistance, and generally speaking administrative systems.It acts as a deterrent and ensures that the intended objectives of policies are achieved.For instance, BESTUUR ISSN 2722-4708  Vol.11, No.2, December, 2023, pp.235-270   Anis Widyawati et.al (The Regulation of Integrity Zone and the Corruption-Free Zone…) laws related to environmental protection need robust enforcement to deter pollution and encourage sustainable practices. 50e relationship between political will and enforcement is interdependent and synergistic.Political will sets the stage by establishing the policy direction and priorities. 51owever, without effective enforcement mechanisms, policies may remain mere statements without practical impact.Conversely, strong enforcement can compensate for a lack of initial political will by demonstrating the necessity and effectiveness of certain policies, potentially leading to increased political support.Successful governance requires a delicate balance between these two elements.A government with genuine political will should allocate adequate resources and attention to enforcement to realize its policy objectives.Conversely, a robust enforcement system can exert pressure on political leaders to demonstrate political will by tightening regulations or creating new policies based on real-world data and the outcomes of enforcement efforts.The nexus between political will and enforcement is fundamental for effective governance and policy implementation.Political will provides the vision and direction, while enforcement ensures the translation of that vision into reality.A harmonious relationship between these elements is essential for the successful realization of societal goals and the enhancement of public welfare. 52

Conclusion
Efforts to eradicate corruption should encompass non-penal measures for a focused and directed approach.These measures should harness and cultivate community support and engagement to optimize the potential of the "extra-legal" or "informal and traditional" systems within the community.Corruption prevention through non-penal avenues necessitates bureaucratic reform, a foundational step in establishing an effective and efficient government administration system that promptly and professionally serves the community.To expedite progress, government agencies should initiate a pilot project to implement bureaucratic reform, using it as a model for other units.Consequently, a concrete bureaucratic reform program must be implemented within work units by actively developing an Integrity Zone.The Integrity Zone Development Declaration outlines a seven-step process to declare work units as Integrity Zones, fostering corruption-free and ethically sound bureaucratic areas.