ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia
type: channel
description: ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal publishes original research articles or review articles both theoretical and experimental studies on all aspects of fundamental and applied chemistry, including organic, inorganic, analytical, physical, computational chemistry, sustainable, green, and environmental. ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia covers studies in emerging fields of current innovative chemistry. Moreover, ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia pays special attention to the studies related to the exploration research of minerals and natural materials, including plant extracts that grow in Southeast Asia. ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia published twice a year in March and September. Bibliographic Information Journal abbreviation Editor-in-Chief Print ISSN Online ISSN Publisher DOI : : : : : : ALCHEMY J. Pen. Kim. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Teguh Endah Saraswati. 1412-4092 2443-4183 Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, INDONESIA 10.20961/alchemy View Publication Information in Current Issue. View complete Statistics Information in Journal Metrics and Sinta.
publisher: UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)
language: en-US
publication name: ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia
issn: 14124092
copyright: Authors who publish with ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia agree to the following terms: The copyright of the published articles shall be transferred to Universitas Sebelas Maret. ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia is an open-access journal in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. This permits users to: Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material Under the following terms: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. Non-Commercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
items: Antibacterial Activity of Avicennia Mangrove
items: Recovery Nutrien dari Efluen Digester Anaerobik Air Limbah Tahu dengan Presipitasi Struvite
items: The Synergistic Enhancement of Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Polymer Composites using Carbon Nanofiber-Metal Oxide Hybrid Fillers
items: The Effect of Maltose-Sucrose Weight Ratio in Lozenges of Bajakah Root Ethanolic Extract (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) on Their Flavonoid Total Release, Physical, and Sensory Properties
items: Pirolisis Kilat Spirulina platensis dengan Katalis Ni/Al-SBA-15
items: Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Termodifikasi Kitosan dari Cangkang Keong Mas (Pomacea canaliculata) sebagai Penghantar Obat Kurkumin yang Terkontrol dan Tertargret Sel Kanker Payudara
items: Pengembangan Sensor Kimia Berbasis Kertas untuk Penentuan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji
items: Optimasi Ekstraksi Flavonoid dari Ulva lactuca dengan Kombinasi Cell Disruption dan Ultrasound-Assisted Hot Water
items: Optimizing Heavy Metal Reduction in Chemical Industry Waste: A Comprehensive Response Surface Methodology Approach for Enhanced Environmental Sustainability
items: Pembuatan Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM) Teremban 2,4,5-Trimetoksikalkon dan Uji Kompatibilitasnya
items: Valorization of Chicken Feather Keratin as an Eco-Friendly Coagulant for Ochre Dye Removal: A Sustainable Approach
items: Efek Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Daun Tephrosia vogelii Hook. f. terhadap Histologi Hati Tikus Putih Jantan Rattus norvegicus
items: Functional Bioplastic Based on Chitosan/Sago Starch (Metroxylon sago) with the Addition of Black Fruit (Haplolobus sp.) Leaves Ethanolic Extract
items: Solvent and Heating Duration Effects on the Formation of Local Pyrophyllite PEG-4000 Hybrid Materials
items: Sintesis Karbon Aktif dari Tongkol Jagung (Zea mays L.) dengan Metoda Dehidrasi sebagai Elektroda Superkapasitor
items: Efisiensi Degradasi Limbah Methylene Blue Menggunakan Sintesis Hijau Fotokatalis ZnO Ekstrak Nanas dan Karbon Aktif Sekam Padi
items: Formulation and Antioxidant Test of Nano Facial Wash Bay Leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) Extract with Green Surfactant from Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) Seed Oil
items: Sintesis Nanopartikel Perak Menggunakan Campuran Reduktor Kimia Trisodium Sitrat dan Bioreduktor Ekstrak Kulit Batang Cempedak (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.)
items: Optimization of Anthocyanin Extraction Process in Pacar Air (Impatiens balsamina) Flower from Canang Sari Flower Waste
items: Synthesis and Characterization of Microcellulose from Red Algae Gracillaria longissima and Its Effect on the Properties of Composite Films from Avocado Seed Starch
items: Campuran Senyawa β-Sitosterol dan Stigmasterol dari Ekstrak Metanol Daun Aglaia shawiana serta Aktivitas Sitotoksiknya terhadap Sel Kanker MCF-7
items: Optimization of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaf Extract Emulgel Formulation using Simplex Lattice Design for Topical Application

Antibacterial Activity of Avicennia Mangrove
type: item
description: The rise of antibiotic resistance presents a major challenge, reducing the efficacy of conventional antibacterial treatments and necessitating the discovery of novel antimicrobial agents. The use of natural products has played a pivotal role in the development of antibiotics. Specifically, marine organisms, with a notable emphasis on mangroves of the genus Avicennia, have played a crucial role in this process. Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia alba, and Avicennia germinans have been found to contain secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which exhibit antibacterial properties against drug-resistant pathogens. The review was conducted based on literature published between 2005 and 2025. These compounds act through diverse mechanisms such as disrupting bacterial cell walls, inhibiting protein synthesis, and interfering with quorum sensing and biofilm formation. Evaluations through disk diffusion, microdilution assay, and biofilm inhibition assays have demonstrated the significant antibacterial activity of Avicennia extracts, suggesting their potential as alternative therapeutics in combating resistant bacteria. Future research should focus on enhancing these bioactive compounds’ bioavailability, stability, and large-scale production while addressing potential toxicity and navigating the complex regulatory requirements for drug approval. The continued exploration of Avicennia-derived compounds may contribute to developing novel antibiotics, offering sustainable solutions to antibiotic resistance.
creator: Yeni Mulyani
creator: Yuniar Mulyani
creator: Aisyah Aisyah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 180
ending page: 197
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.100706.180-197

Recovery Nutrien dari Efluen Digester Anaerobik Air Limbah Tahu dengan Presipitasi Struvite
type: item
description: Efluen dari digester anaerobik multistages fixed-bed reactor pengolahan air limbah industri tahu di Desa Giriharja, Kabupaten Sumedang, memerlukan pengolahan lanjut karena masih mengandung nutrien amonium dan fosfor yang melebihi standar baku mutu untuk badan air. Presipitasi struvite merupakan presipitasi kimia yang memungkinkan untuk memperoleh kembali (recovery) amonium dan fosfat dari air limbah dengan cara penambahan magnesium. Air laut dapat digunakan sebagai sumber magnesium untuk proses presipitasi untuk mengurangi biaya operasional. Presipitasi struvite dipengaruhi oleh pH, ion-ion penting, suhu, dan zat-zat asing. Nilai pH yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan efisiensi penyisihan dan recovery P dan N, akan tetapi dapat meningkatkan presipitasi magnesium dan kalsium fosfat sehingga mengurangi kualitas kristal struvite yang terbentuk. Tingkat kejenuhan struvite berbanding lurus dengan logaritma konsentrasi ionik dalam kristal. Tingkat pertumbuhan, jenis dan ukuran kristal dipengaruhi oleh tinggi suhu. Tingginya konsentrasi zat asing pada larutan dapat mengakibatkan terhalangnya pertumbuhan kristal struvite. Penggunaan air laut sebagai sumber magnesium dalam presipitasi struvite dapat mengurangi biaya produksi, transportasi, serta menggantikan penggunaan bahan kimia. Nutrient Recovery from Tofu Wastewater Anaerobic Digester using Struvite Precipitation. Effluent from a multistage anaerobic digestion fixed-bed reactor for tofu industrial wastewater treatment in Giriharja Village, Sumedang Regency, requires further treatment because it still contains nutrients of ammonium and phosphorus that exceed the water quality standards. Struvite precipitation is a chemical precipitation process that allows for the recovery of ammonium and phosphate from wastewater by adding magnesium. Seawater can be used as a source of magnesium for the precipitation process to reduce operational costs. Struvite precipitation is affected by pH, essential ions, temperature, and foreign substan…
creator: Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini
creator: Fenisa Fauziyah Marshal
creator: Puti Sri Komala
creator: Aufa Aniq Rumzi
creator: Dewi Nilawati
creator: Widyarani Widyarani
creator: Diana Rahayuning Wulan
creator: Neni Sintawardani
creator: Nicolaus Nezha Nunez Mahasti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 198
ending page: 223
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.93205.198-223

The Synergistic Enhancement of Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Polymer Composites using Carbon Nanofiber-Metal Oxide Hybrid Fillers
type: item
description: In this modern era, humans cannot be separated from utilizing electronic devices. The unwanted noise or disturbance problem in electronic devices is majorly caused by Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). Recent technology and materials are being developed to manufacture EMI shielding composites. Carbon nanomaterial-based composites have become a very attractive material because of their lightweight, incredible mechanical, thermal, and conductivity properties. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and metal oxides are promising combination materials that reveal unique properties of both components to enhance shielding effectiveness. This combination of CNFs and metal oxides results in a synergistic effect, where the conductive CNFs enhances the reflection of EMI, and the metal oxides contribute to the absorption and attenuation of the waves. In this review article, the authors focus on the extensive discussion about the synthesis method of producing CNFs, some studies that combine CNFs and metal oxide, and some reports about using CNFs-metal oxide as a hybrid filler in the EMI shielding composites.
creator: Dini Deviana Saputri
creator: Teguh Endah Saraswati
creator: Wijang Wisnu Raharjo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 224
ending page: 240
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.97322.224-240

The Effect of Maltose-Sucrose Weight Ratio in Lozenges of Bajakah Root Ethanolic Extract (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) on Their Flavonoid Total Release, Physical, and Sensory Properties
type: item
description: Bajakah root ethanol extracts contain flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins as antioxidants that can inhibit tumor growth. However, consuming the pure extract as a supplement has an unpleasant odor and taste. Providing the extract as lozenges may give better taste, control the release of active substances, be absorbed in the oral mucosa, and avoid first-pass metabolism. Sucrose and corn syrup are the main components of lozenge fillers. This study evaluates the combination of maltose-sucrose on physicochemical properties, drug release, and taste acceptance. Bajakah roots were macerated in 50% ethanol (1:5 w/v) for three days, and the filtrate was evaporated. The extract contained 2.18% and 9.03% of flavonoids and tannins, respectively. The high proportion of sucrose increased hardness, sweet taste, pungent aroma, and better release of active substances, but did not affect the disintegration time. The maltose-sucrose weight ratio of 1:1 was selected because it met the requirements for lozenges based on the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia Edition VI, having characteristics of a weight of 250 ± 9.93 mg; hardness of 9.30 ± 2.08 kg; dissolution time of 10.48 ± 4.26 minutes; and released 80% of active substances for 60 minutes. In addition, this formula is stable in storage and is most preferred by respondents.
creator: Dian Eka Ermawati
creator: Chaterine Turu' Padang
creator: Sholichah Rohmani
creator: Anif Nur Artanti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 241
ending page: 250
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.95035.241-250

Pirolisis Kilat Spirulina platensis dengan Katalis Ni/Al-SBA-15
type: item
description: Studi ini mempelajari aktivitas katalis Ni/Al-SBA-15 dalam pirolisis kilat mikroalga Spirulina platensis dan perannya pada komposisi kimia produk yang dihasilkan. Katalis Ni/Al-SBA-15 yang disintesis dengan metode ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel memiliki luas permukaan 522,54 m²/g, diameter pori 6,6 nm, dan volume pori 0,86 cm³/g. Analisis Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) katalis mengidentifikasi gugus siloksan, silanol, dan hidroksil, sementara analisis low-angle dan wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) menunjukkan puncak difraksi khas Al-SBA-15 dan NiO. Pirolisis tanpa katalis Ni/Al-SBA-15 menghasilkan produk turunan karbohidrat (10,7%), lipid (53,8%), protein (6,3%), dan klorofil (6,2%). Setelah inkorporasi katalis Ni/Al-SBA-15, produk turunan karbohidrat meningkat menjadi 35,2%, protein menjadi 10,9%, klorofil menjadi 10,7%, namun produk turunan lipid menurun menjadi 15,5%. Hasil ini menunjukan aktivitas katalis dalam meningkatkan konversi senyawa penyusun utama mikroalga, khususnya memecah lipid menjadi senyawa dengan berat molekul lebih kecil. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa metode sintesis katalis yang digunakan dapat menghasilkan material yang memiliki distribusi situs aktif yang relatif homogen dan aktivitas katalitik pada pirolisis mikroalga Spirulina platensis. Flash Pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis with Ni/Al-SBA-15 Catalyst. This study investigates the activity of Ni/Al-SBA-15 catalyst in flash pyrolysis of microalgae Spirulina platensis and its role in the chemical composition of the resulting products. The Ni/Al-SBA-15 catalyst synthesized by the ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel method had a surface area of 522.54 m²/g, pore diameter of 6.6 nm, and pore volume of 0.86 cm³/g. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the catalyst identified siloxane, silanol, and hydroxyl groups; meanwhile, low and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed typical diffraction peaks of Al-SBA-15 and NiO. Pyrolysis without Ni/Al-SBA-15 catalyst produced carbohydrate-der…
creator: Ade Putri Wahyuni
creator: RR Dirgarini Julia Nurlianti Subagyono
creator: Rahmat Gunawan
creator: Veliyana Londong Allo
creator: Maykel Manawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 251
ending page: 263
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.93245.251-263

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Termodifikasi Kitosan dari Cangkang Keong Mas (Pomacea canaliculata) sebagai Penghantar Obat Kurkumin yang Terkontrol dan Tertargret Sel Kanker Payudara
type: item
description: Pengobatan kanker payudara saat ini masih sangat bergantung pada kemoterapi yang memiliki efek samping fisik dan psikologis. Kurkumin mudah terdegradasi dan memiliki biavaibilitas yang rendah. Kurkumin adalah senyawa lipofilik yang stabilitasnya dapat ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan sistem penghantaran obat berbasis Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) yang dimodifikasi dengan kitosan untuk melindungi bahan tersebut dari degradasi dalam sistem oral. Asam folat juga digunakan untuk menargetkan sel kanker payudara T47D. Kitosan disintesis dari cangkang keong mas menghasilkan bubuk putih (32,28%) dengan derajat deasetilasi 76,55%. Kitosan dikonjugasikan dengan asam folat (Chi-FA). Material NLCs termuat kurkumin disintesis melalui reaksi emulsi-evaporasi-solidifikasi. Material NLCs termuat kurkumin (Cur@NLCs) menunjukkan dua model matriks berdasarkan uji transmitansinya dengan distribusi ukuran partikel sebesar 174,4 nm dan zeta potensial -56,9 mV. Modifikasi permukaan Cur@NLCs dengan Chi-FA menghasilkan ukuran partikel 105,5 nm dan potensial zeta -45,9 mV. Studi pelepasan menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan kitosan dapat menekan pelepasan kurkumin dalam phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pada pH 1,2 dan pH 7,4 serta meningkatkan laju pelepasan pada pH 6,8. Uji toksisitas material menunjukkan peningkatan toksisitas pada sel T-47D. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa modifikasi tersebut dapat mengontrol dan menargetkan sel kanker. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Modified with Chitosan from Golden Apple Snail Shells (Pomacea canaliculata) as Controlled and Targeted Curcumin Drug Delivery for Breast Cancer Cells. Current breast cancer treatment still relies heavily on chemotherapy, which has physical and psychological side effects. Curcumin is easily degraded and has low bioavailability. Curcumin is a lipophilic compound whose stability can be improved by using Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs)-based drug delivery systems modified with chitosan to protect the material from degradation…
creator: Husna Habib Musthofa
creator: Puput Veronikasari
creator: Rossalia Soraya
creator: Muhammad Nursyam Maulana
creator: Hilmi Amirul Haq
creator: Fajar Rakhman Wibowo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 264
ending page: 276
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.92355.264-276

Pengembangan Sensor Kimia Berbasis Kertas untuk Penentuan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji
type: item
description: Sensor kimia berbasis kertas adalah piranti analisis yang menggunakan membran berpori berupa kertas untuk imobilisasi reagen kimia dan deteksi analit pada sampel volume kecil (μL – nL). Sensor kimia flavonoid total dikembangkan dengan cara melakukan ko-imobilisasi larutan aluminium klorida (AlCl3), natrium nitrit (NaNO2), dan natrium hidroksida (NaOH) pada kertas menggunakan teknik adsorpsi. Penambahan larutan kuersetin dapat mengubah warna sensor dari putih menjadi kuning yang kemudian dapat ditangkap dan dikuantifikasi dengan program ImageJ, yang dikenal sebagai teknik skanometri. Karakterisasi analitik seperti linearitas, Limit of Detection (LOD), Limit of Quantification (LOQ), presisi dan akurasi sensor dilakukan dengan menggunakan standar kuersetin. Hasil penentuan kadar flavonoid total sampel daun jambu biji menggunakan metode sensor kimia-skanometri menunjukkan kesesuaian dengan metode spektrofotometri, sehingga memiliki potensi sebagai metode alternatif untuk penentuan kadar flavonoid total. Development of Paper-Based Chemical Sensor for Determining The Total Flavonoid Content in Guava Leaf Extract. Paper-based chemical sensors are analytical devices that utilize porous paper membranes for reagent immobilization and analyte detection in small sample volumes (μL – nL). The total flavonoid chemical sensor was developed by co-immobilizing aluminum chloride (AlCl3), sodium nitrite (NaNO2), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions onto paper by using the adsorption technique. The introduction of a quercetin solution changed the sensor's color from white to yellow, which subsequently can be captured and quantified using the ImageJ program, known as the scanometric technique. The sensor's analytical characteristics, such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, and accuracy, were evaluated using a quercetin standard. The results of determining the total flavonoid content of guava leaf samples using the chemical sensor-scanometr…
creator: Mochammad Amrun Hidayat
creator: Husnatul Ayniah
creator: Indah Yulia Ningsih
creator: Tanfidz Alishlah
creator: Bambang Kuswandi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 277
ending page: 283
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.97150.277-283

Optimasi Ekstraksi Flavonoid dari Ulva lactuca dengan Kombinasi Cell Disruption dan Ultrasound-Assisted Hot Water
type: item
description: Ulva lactuca merupakan biota laut yang berpotensi sebagai sumber bahan aktif kosmetik karena kandungan bioaktifnya seperti flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, terpenoid, dan tanin. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengekstraksi flavonoid serta menganalisis nilai Sun Protection Factor (SPF) U. lactuca menggunakan kombinasi metode cell disruption dan ultrasound-assisted hot water (UAHW). Tiga metode perlakuan cell disruption (tanpa perlakuan, osmotic shock, dan hidrotermal dengan autoklaf) dikombinasikan dengan variabel UAHW yaitu suhu ultrasonik (40, 60, 80 °C) dan waktu ultrasonik (5, 10, 15 menit). Ekstraksi dilakukan menggunakan pelarut etanol 96% pada serbuk U. lactuca berukuran 60 mesh. Optimasi dilakukan menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM) dengan Box–Behnken Design (BBD). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa total flavonoid dan nilai SPF tertinggi (33,23 mg QE/g dan SPF 20,80) diperoleh tanpa perlakuan cell disruption, pada suhu 80 °C dan waktu ekstraksi 10 menit. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa metode UAHW efektif meningkatkan ekstraksi flavonoid dan SPF meskipun tanpa cell disruption. Selain itu, pendekatan RSM terbukti efisien dalam optimasi proses. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi pada pengembangan bahan aktif alami U. lactuca untuk aplikasi kosmetik, khususnya sebagai agen pelindung sinar UV. Optimization of Flavonoid Extraction from Ulva lactuca Using a Combination of Cell Disruption and Ultrasound-Assisted Hot Water. Ulva lactuca is a marine organism with significant potential as a source of active ingredients for cosmetic applications, owing to bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins. This study aimed to extract flavonoids and evaluate the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of U. lactuca using a combination of cell disruption methods and ultrasound-assisted hot water (UAHW) extraction. Three cell disruption treatments (no treatment, osmotic shock, and hydrothermal using an autoclave) were combined with UAHW variables, including ultr…
creator: Helda Wika Amini
creator: Muhammad Rizky Kurniawan
creator: Nida Ayu Salsabila
creator: Boy Arief Fachri
creator: Zuhriah Mumtazah
creator: Meta Fitri Rizkiana
creator: Istiqomah Rahmawati
creator: Bekti Palupi
creator: Yukti Nurani
creator: Rekfa Wika Amini
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 284
ending page: 295
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.98141.284-295

Optimizing Heavy Metal Reduction in Chemical Industry Waste: A Comprehensive Response Surface Methodology Approach for Enhanced Environmental Sustainability
type: item
description: This study investigates the optimization of heavy metal reduction in solid waste from the chemical industry using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the extraction parameters for removing Co, Cu, Pb, and Cr using NaCl as a solvent with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a chelating agent. The effects of EDTA:Fly Ash ratio, mixing duration, and extraction temperature were evaluated using induced coupled plasma (ICP) and Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDS) analysis. NaCl proved effective in reducing Co, Cr, and Pb levels. Optimal conditions for NaCl treatment were identified as an EDTA:Fly Ash ratio of 2:1, 3 hours of mixing time, and an extraction temperature of 52.3 ℃, resulting in a 92.3% total metal reduction. ANOVA results confirmed the statistical significance of the model, with high R² values (0.932 – 0.991) for all metals. The EDTA:Fly Ash ratio and its interaction with mixing duration were found to be the most influential factors in the process. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of RSM in optimizing heavy metal reduction processes and provides insights for improving waste management practices in the chemical industry. The findings highlight the importance of process parameter optimization in enhancing the efficiency of heavy metal removal from industrial solid waste.
creator: Maria Peratenta Sembiring
creator: Desi Heltina
creator: Chairul Chairul
creator: Sri Rejeki Muria
creator: Melisa Phebeyola Estheria Tarigan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 296
ending page: 304
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.98970.296-304

Pembuatan Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM) Teremban 2,4,5-Trimetoksikalkon dan Uji Kompatibilitasnya
type: item
description: Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM) telah menjadi perangkat baru untuk mengekstraksi ion logam terutama dari larutan, karena selektivitas dan sensitivitasnya yang mudah disesuaikan melalui pembuatannya yang mudah. Ragam senyawa ekstraktan telah banyak dikembangkan dalam studi ekstraksi logam berbasis PIM. Namun, senyawa kalkon dan turunannya yang umum diketahui sebagai ekstraktan dan sensor logam, belum ditemukan penggunaannya dalam studi terkait PIM. Pada riset ini, senyawa 2,4,5-trimetoksikalkon, disintesis dari oksidasi minyak asaron asal Timor menggunakan ozon dan diikuti oleh reaksi kondensasi aldol dengan asetofenon, akan diembankan ke dalam matriks PIM PVC/D2EHPA. PIM yang disiapkan tersebut kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) dan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), serta dipelajari kompatibilitasnya. PIM yang mengandung 60% PVC, 40% D2EHPA dan berbagai konsentrasi 2,4,5-trimetoksikalkon (25, 20, 15, 10, dan 5 ppm) mempunyai sudut kontak air masing-masing sebesar 51,939º, 51,665º, 51,318º, 51,151º, dan 50,863º; serta nilai penyerapan air masing-masing sebesar 9,80%; 9,82%; 9,54%; 9,68%; dan 9,76% yang menunjukkan bahwa PIM yang dihasilkan bersifat hidrofilik. Sementara itu, hasil pengukuran kuat tarik dan persentase perpanjangan menunjukkan bahwa PIM tersebut bersifat fleksibel dengan nilai yang diperoleh masing-masing 12,15; 11,96; 11,91; 10,95; 10,22 MPa dan 32,7; 86,6; 127; 156,7; 166,7%. Preparation of Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM)-Embedded 2,4,5-Trimethoxychalcone and Its Compatibility Study. Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM) has become an emerging device for extracting metal ions, especially from solution, due to its selectivity and sensitivity fine-tuned through facile preparation. Chalcones, as well as their derivatives, which are known as metal extractants and sensors, have not been employed in PIM-related studies. In this research, the compound 2,4,5-trimethoxychalcone, synthesized sequentially over Timor’s asarone …
creator: Reinner Ishaq Lerrick
creator: Darius Toge Kore
creator: Philiphi de Rozari
creator: Febri Odel Nitbani
creator: Fidelis Nitti
creator: Johnson N Naat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 305
ending page: 314
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.96111.305-314

Valorization of Chicken Feather Keratin as an Eco-Friendly Coagulant for Ochre Dye Removal: A Sustainable Approach
type: item
description: This study examines the extraction of keratin from chicken feather waste and its potential use as a coagulant in ochre dye solution treatment. The extraction procedure was investigated for the effect of some parameters, such as temperature (60 – 80 °C), sodium hydroxide concentration (1 – 2 N), and extraction duration (30 – 120 minutes). The maximum keratin yield of 85.64% was obtained using 1.75 N NaOH at 70 °C for 90 minutes. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of characteristic protein functional groups in the extracted keratin. Keratin showed modest efficiency as a coagulant in treating the ochre dye solution, with a maximum total solid removal of 47.13% when using a 0.4% keratin dosage-coagulant, pH 10, and 180 minutes of settling time. The study shows that chicken feather waste can be valorized while addressing environmental issues. Nevertheless, additional modification of keratin extraction is required to increase coagulation efficiency, such as considering pH conditions and using an appropriate solvent to minimize keratin degradation.
creator: Sri Wahyu Murni
creator: Tutik Muji Setyoningrum
creator: Alim Nurjanah
creator: Sandika Perdana Putra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 315
ending page: 325
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.96879.315-325

Efek Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Daun Tephrosia vogelii Hook. f. terhadap Histologi Hati Tikus Putih Jantan Rattus norvegicus
type: item
description: Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f. tanaman yang secara tradisional digunakan untuk pengobatan demam, diare, penyakit kulit, malaria, dan meningitis, serta sebagai pestisida alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek toksik pemberian berulang ekstrak etanol daun T. vogelii terhadap berat dan histologi hati serta menentukan konsentrasi ekstrak etanol T. vogelii yang aman terhadap liver tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan. Objek dalam penelitian ini daun T. vogelii. Metode penelitian menggunakan desain Rancangan Acak Lengkap yang terdiri dari 5 perlakuan dan 6 kali pengulangan. Penelitian menggunakan parasetamol 50 mg/kg BB sebagai kontrol positif, air mineral sebagai kontrol negatif dan larutan uji ekstrak etanol daun T. vogelii dengan dosis 50mg/kg BB, 100 mg/kg BB dan 200 mg/kg BB dilakukan selama 28 hari. Parameter yang diamati adalah berat hati, inflamasi sel, dan steatosis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun T. vogelii tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap indeks organ (P>0,05), tidak menimbulkan inflamasi dan steatosis. Esktrak etanol daun T. vogelii dengan dosis 50, 100, dan 200 mg/kg BB tidak berpengaruh terhadap indeks organ, dan aman terhadap hati tikus putih jantan. Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Tephrosia vogelii Hook. f. Leaves on the Liver Histology of Male White Rats of Rattus norvegicus. Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f. is a plant traditionally used to treat fever, diarrhea, skin diseases, malaria, meningitis, and as a natural pesticide. This study aims to determine the toxic effect of repeated administration of T. vogelii leaves ethanol extract on liver weight and histology, and to establish the safe concentration of T. vogelii leaves ethanol extract for the liver of male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The research method focuses on the leaf part. The study used a Completely Randomized Design with five treatments and six replications. Treatments included 50 mg/kg BW of paracetamol as a positive control, mineral water as a negative contro…
creator: Dewi Ratnasari
creator: Valentina Adimurti Kusumaningtyas
creator: Arie Hardian
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 326
ending page: 336
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.97702.326-336

Functional Bioplastic Based on Chitosan/Sago Starch (Metroxylon sago) with the Addition of Black Fruit (Haplolobus sp.) Leaves Ethanolic Extract
type: item
description: Bioplastic as an antioxidant and antibacterial packaging has been synthesized from chitosan and sago starch with Black fruit leaves ethanolic extract. The bioplastic synthesis was done by mixing a solution of chitosan, sago starch, glycerol, and ethanolic extract of Black fruit leaves, pouring it into a petri dish, and then drying it in an oven. The bioplastic produced was then characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that increasing the weight ratio of chitosan/sago starch increased tensile strength, decreased elongation, decreased thickness, and increased biodegradation time. The addition of ethanolic extract of black fruit leaves reduces tensile strength at a chitosan/starch weight ratio of 4:1, increases tensile strength at a chitosan/starch weight ratio of 1:1, tends to minimize elongation at both Chitosan/starch ratios, tends to increase thickness at a chitosan/starch weight ratio of 4:1, decreases thickness at a Chitosan/starch weight ratio of 1:1, and increases biodegradation time. The best bioplastic formulation in this study found in CS11E1 (weight ratio of Chitosan/starch 1:1, extract concentration 1%), with a tensile strength of 4.71 MPa, elongation of 29.33%, thickness of 0.07 mm, and biodegradation time of 6 days.
creator: Agnes Dyah Novitasari Lestari
creator: Muchammad Fauzan Kuri Pasai
creator: Evelina Somar
creator: Dewi Eviane
creator: Gabriella Shine De Kweldju
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 337
ending page: 345
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.100395.337-345

Solvent and Heating Duration Effects on the Formation of Local Pyrophyllite PEG-4000 Hybrid Materials
type: item
description: Hybrid materials are new materials formed by combining two or more components to produce enhanced and distinct properties from the individual constituents. One example is the hybrid system of pyrophyllite and PEG 4000. This hybrid has not been reported and has potential for various applications. Local (Sumbermanjing) pyrophyllite-PEG 4000 hybrid was synthesized using casting and sol-gel methods with variations in solvent type (demineralized water, methanol, acetone) and heating time (1, 1.5, 2 hours) at a temperature of 100 – 105 ℃. Acetone produced the highest yield (34.89%) due to superior solvent-material interactions, while two-hour heating achieved maximum yield (36.20%) through enhanced intermolecular bonding. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences in solvent variations, while heating time showed no significant effect. FTIR characterization revealed specific functional groups O–H stretching (Al-–OH linkage) at 3673.92 cm⁻¹, O–H stretching (3487.09 cm⁻¹), C–O stretching (1103.89 cm⁻¹), and Al–-OH bending vibration at 841.46 cm⁻¹, thus confirming successful hybrid formation. Melting point analysis showed 128.13 °C (1 hour heating hour) and 124.83 °C (2 hours heating time), indicating new material formation.
creator: Siti Mutrofin
creator: Wanda Ainun Shabiya
creator: Hanisah Kamilah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 346
ending page: 357
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.104456.346-357

Sintesis Karbon Aktif dari Tongkol Jagung (Zea mays L.) dengan Metoda Dehidrasi sebagai Elektroda Superkapasitor
type: item
description: Karbon aktif dari limbah tongkol jagung (Zea mays L.) telah disintesis dengan metoda dehidrasi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan elektroda superkapasitor. Bubuk tongkol jagung didehidrasi dengan H2SO4 1 M dan diaktivasi dengan KOH 5 M pada perbandingan massa karbon dan aktivator 1:2,5, dilanjutkan dengan karbonisasi pada 400 °C selama 1 jam. Hasil karakterisasi SEM menunjukkan terjadinya pembentukan pori pada permukaan karbon aktif dan hasil EDX memberikan persentase karbon 76,99%. Berdasarkan metode isoterm adsorpsi-desorpsi menunjukkan tipe isoterm IV dan histerisis tipe H3 yang menunjukkan struktur karbon aktif adalah mesopori, dengan luas permukaan spesifik 43,176 m2/g, volume pori 0,0855 cm3/g, dan distribusi pori rata-rata adalah 3,96 nm. Pengukuran sifat elektrokimia dari karbon aktif memberikan kemampuan untuk menyimpan energi dengan nilai kapasitansi spesifik sebesar 247,53 F/g dan rapat energi adalah 123,03 Wh/kg. Hasil EIS didapatkan kurva setengah lingkaran dari plot Nyquist yang menunjukkan adanya tahanan kecil untuk transfer muatan. Sintesis karbon aktif dengan metoda dehidrasi dan aktivasi menawarkan keuntungan seperti biaya rendah, proses preparasi sederhana, dan waktu sintesis singkat dengan kinerja elektrokimia yang tinggi untuk superkapasitor. Synthesis of Activated Carbon From Corncob (Zea mays L.) by Dehydration Method for Supercapacitor Electrode. Activated carbon from corn cob waste (Zea mays L.) has been synthesized using a dehydration method as a supercapacitor electrode material. Corn cob powder was dehydrated with 1 M H2SO4 and activated with 5 M KOH at a mass ratio of carbon and activator of 1:2.5, followed by carbonization at 400 °C for 1 hour. SEM characterization showed pore formation on the surface of activated carbon, and EDX results gave a carbon percentage of 76.99%. Based on the adsorption-desorption isotherm method, the isotherm type IV and hysteresis type H3 showed that the structure of activated carbon is mesoporous, with a specifi…
creator: Olly Norita Tetra
creator: Raihan Hanif Aulia
creator: Deswati Deswati
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 358
ending page: 368
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.96235.358-368

Efisiensi Degradasi Limbah Methylene Blue Menggunakan Sintesis Hijau Fotokatalis ZnO Ekstrak Nanas dan Karbon Aktif Sekam Padi
type: item
description: Pencemaran air akibat limbah zat warna seperti methylene blue (MB) merupakan masalah lingkungan yang serius di Indonesia. MB banyak digunakan dalam industri tekstil, kosmetik, dan farmasi, dapat menurunkan kualitas air serta menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap kesehatan manusia dan ekosistem. Fotokatalisis berbasis ZnO merupakan metode yang menjanjikan untuk mendekontaminasi air, namun keterbatasan penyerapan cahaya mengurangi efektivitasnya. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi sintesis hijau ZnO menggunakan ekstrak nanas melalui metode presipitasi, dengan tujuan meningkatkan karakteristik dan aktivitas fotokatalitik. Selain itu, ZnO dikombinasikan dengan karbon aktif (KA) dari sekam padi dengan metode impregnasi untuk meningkatkan kinerjanya. Karakterisasi fotokatalis dilakukan menggunakan XRD, FTIR, dan BET untuk mengevaluasi sifat kristalinitas, gugus fungsi, dan luas permukaan material. Hasil XRD menunjukkan ZnO memiliki struktur wurtzit heksagonal dengan ukuran kristal 27,01 nm, sedangkan ZnO/KA memiliki ukuran 20,24 nm dengan struktur wurtzit heksagonal untuk ZnO dan struktur grafit untuk karbon. Hasil FTIR mengonfirmasi keberadaan ikatan Zn–O, C–H, dan O–H, sedangkan hasil BET menunjukkan bahwa ZnO/KA memiliki kurva distribusi pori tipe II dengan pori makro. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan karbon aktif secara signifikan meningkatkan efisiensi fotodegradasi MB pada berbagai pH, dengan ZnO/karbon aktif (3:1) (b/b) mencapai kinerja tertinggi, mengurangi kadar MB hingga 99,81% pada pH 8. Degradation Efficiency of Methylene Blue Using Green-Synthesized ZnO Photocatalyst with Pineapple Extract and Rice Husk-Derived Activated Carbon. Water pollution caused by dye waste, such as methylene blue (MB), is a serious environmental issue in Indonesia. Widely used in the textile, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, can degrade water quality and negatively impact human health and ecosystems. ZnO based photocatalysis is a promising method for water decontamination,…
creator: Adinda Thalia Putri
creator: Tina Anggreani Lestari
creator: Reffa Fitrichia
creator: Nuni Widiarti
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 369
ending page: 377
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.95927.369-377

Formulation and Antioxidant Test of Nano Facial Wash Bay Leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) Extract with Green Surfactant from Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) Seed Oil
type: item
description: The increasing use of skin care products today has encouraged the development of facial washes that are safe for health, such as those incorporating natural active ingredients. Green surfactants from ketapang seed oil and bay leaf extract are natural ingredients for a facial wash. This study aims to formulate and test a nano facial wash using surfactants derived from ketapang seed oil and antioxidants from bay leaf extract. The molecular size of facial wash has been improved by applying nanoemulsion technology, resulting in nano facial wash. This particle size improvement enhances the efficacy of active ingredients in facial wash. Methyl ester sulfonate (MES) surfactant made from ketapang seed oil was used to increase the stability and effectiveness of cleaning products. The resulting product was tested for physical characteristics, stability, and antioxidant activity using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The facial wash formulation was carried out with variations in MES concentration (3, 5, and 7%) and bay leaf extract (2, 4, and 6%). The results showed that the facial wash with the best characteristics had a surfactant content of 7% and bay leaf extract of 2%. The antioxidant activity of facial wash with the best nano and non-nano characteristics is 41.97 ppm and 81.58 ppm, which are classified as strong antioxidant activity.
creator: Mochammad Chasani
creator: Senny Widyaningsih
creator: Undri Rastuti
creator: Vita Nuraisyah Dwi Nugroho
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 378
ending page: 388
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.97684.378-388

Sintesis Nanopartikel Perak Menggunakan Campuran Reduktor Kimia Trisodium Sitrat dan Bioreduktor Ekstrak Kulit Batang Cempedak (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.)
type: item
description: Sintesis nanopartikel perak (AgNPs) telah dilakukan menggunakan reduktor kimia trisodium sitrat (Na3C6H5O7) dan bioreduktor dari ekstrak kulit batang cempedak (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.) serta campuran keduanya. AgNPs hasil sintesis dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis, PSA (Particle Size Analyzer) dan TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope). AgNPs berhasil disintesis dapat dilihat dari perubahan warna medium reaksi menjadi kuning kecokelatan. AgNPs tetap stabil dipengukuran hari ke 5, ditunjukkan dari data spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Panjang gelombang maksimum muncul berturut turut untuk AgNPs dengan reduktor Na3C6H5O7 pada 426 – 430 nm; AgNPs dengan bioreduktor dari ekstrak kulit batang cempedak pada 426 – 428 nm; dan AgNPs dengan bioreduktor campuran pada 428 – 432 nm. Kondisi optimum sintesis AgNPs diperoleh dengan reduktor campuran pada konsentrasi AgNO3 4,5 mM; perbandingan volume Na3C6H5O7:ekstrak kulit batang cempedak 2:1. Hasil karakterisasi dari PSA menunjukkan nanopartikel perak memiliki distribusi ukuran rata-rata 78,2 nm. Morfologi nanopartikel perak dari TEM menunjukkan AgNPs berbentuk bulat dengan rata-rata ukuran partikel sebesar 93,49 nm. Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis using a Mixture of Chemical Reductors of Trisodium Citrate and Bioreductors of Cempedak Stem Bark Extract (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been carried out using the chemical reductant trisodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) and bioreductant prepared from the extract of cempedak bark (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.) and a mixture of both. The synthesized AgNPs were analyzed using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, PSA (Particle Size Analyzer), and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope). The successful synthesis of AgNPs can be identified from the change in color of the reaction medium to brownish yellow. AgNPs remained stable on the 5th day of measurement, as shown by the UV-Vis spectrophotometer data. The maximum wavelengths appeare…
creator: Isah Waliah Indriani
creator: Noor Hindryawati
creator: Irfan Ashari Hiyahara
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 389
ending page: 400
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.103484.389-400

Optimization of Anthocyanin Extraction Process in Pacar Air (Impatiens balsamina) Flower from Canang Sari Flower Waste
type: item
description: Canang sari is one of the offerings used in Hindu worship in Bali, consisting of various types of flowers, one of which is Impatiens balsamina Currently, the waste of canang sari flowers has not been utilized optimally. Pacar air (Impatiens balsamina) flower waste contains anthocyanin compounds and gives a purplish red color, which is promising as a natural dye raw material. This research aims to conduct phytochemical tests and determine the optimum operating conditions for extracting natural dyes from Pacar air (I. balsamina) flowers obtained from canang sari. The extraction of I. balsamina flowers uses acetone and ethanol solvents. Phytochemical, gravimetric, and UV-VIS spectrophotometric tests were conducted to determine the chemical content and stability. The extraction process is optimized using the Response Surface Methodology with Central Composite Design (CCD) type. The independent variables in this extraction process are: pH 1 – 4, temperature 40 – 70 ℃, and extraction time 5 – 60 minutes, while the dependent or response variable is anthocyanin content. The control variables of this extraction process are the ratio of materials and solvents of 0.0625 g/mL, and the stirring speed of 300 rpm. As a result, the optimum operating conditions of the extraction process are pH 2.84, temperature 63.85 ℃, and time 16.15 minutes, with anthocyanin levels of 18.05 mg/L.
creator: Audina Setya Fitriana
creator: Edia Rahayuningsih
creator: Rochim Bakti Cahyono
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 401
ending page: 413
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.95821.401-413

Synthesis and Characterization of Microcellulose from Red Algae Gracillaria longissima and Its Effect on the Properties of Composite Films from Avocado Seed Starch
type: item
description: Red algae are abundant worldwide, and in recent years, their use to make more valuable products has grown significantly. The present study used red algae Gracillaria longissima as raw material to produce microcrystalline cellulose to strengthen avocado seed-based film. Microcrystalline cellulose was obtained by chemically treating the red algae with alkali, bleaching, and acid hydrolysis. The rough and irregularly shaped microcrystalline cellulose was successfully isolated at the micrometric scale with an average particle size of 44.1 μm. The as-extracted microcrystalline cellulose was used as filler to produce avocado seed-based composite films with improved tensile and barrier properties. Adding 4 wt% microcrystalline cellulose into the avocado seed matrix increased tensile strength by 152% and reduced elongation by 63%. Additionally, the barrier properties of avocado seed composite films were similar to those of cellulose derivatives utilized in food packaging. Adding 4 wt% microcrystalline cellulose into the avocado seed matrix reduced the water vapor transmission rate by 43% of the neat starch value. Considering these findings, microcrystalline cellulose-containing starch film is suggested as a biodegradable substitute for applications in food packaging.
creator: Muvika Putri Puspitasari
creator: Ifa Puspasari
creator: Diana Diana
creator: Yulirohyami Yulirohyami
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 414
ending page: 423
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.97299.414-423

Campuran Senyawa β-Sitosterol dan Stigmasterol dari Ekstrak Metanol Daun Aglaia shawiana serta Aktivitas Sitotoksiknya terhadap Sel Kanker MCF-7
type: item
description: Aglaia merupakan salah satu genus terbesar dari famili tanaman Meliaceae (tanaman mahoni). Sejak tahun 1960-an, genus ini banyak diteliti untuk mengetahui kandungan fitokimia dan sifat biologisnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan metabolit sekunder dari Aglaia Aglaia shawiana, yang memiliki aktivitas sebagai senyawa anti kanker payudara. Isolasi dan identifikasi struktur senyawa kimia telah dilakukan dari ekstrak metanol daun A. shawiana. Ekstrak metanol daun A. shawiana telah diisolasi, difraksinasi menghasilkan sebuah isolat dengan berbagai metode kromatografi kolom gravitasi. Penentuan struktur senyawa isolat dilakukan dengan metode spektroskopi resonansi magnetik inti 1 dimensi (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR dan DEPT-1350) dan perbandingan dengan referensi terdahulu. Isolat yang telah berhasil diisolasi dalam studi ini merupakan campuran senyawa β-sitosterol dan stigmasterol, dimana β-sitosterol lebih dominan jumlahnya dibandingkan stigmasterol. Isolat telah diuji aktivitas sitotoksiknya terhadap lini sel kanker payudara MCF-7 dengan metoda dimetiltiazol difeniltetrazolium bromid (MTT) dan diperoleh nilai IC50 sebesar 135,9 µg/mL. Mixture of β-Sitosterol and Stigmasterol Compounds from Methanol Extract of Aglaia shawiana Leaves and Its Cytotoxic Activity Against MCF-7 Cancer Cell. Aglaia is one of the largest genera of the Meliaceae plant family (mahogany plants). Since the 1960s, this genus has been widely studied for its phytochemical content and biological properties. This study aimed to find secondary metabolites from Aglaia shawiana that have activity as anti-breast cancer compounds. Isolation and identification of the structure of chemical compounds have been carried out from the methanol extract of A. shawiana leaves. The methanol extract of A. shawiana leaves has been isolated and fractionated, resulting in an isolate by various gravity column chromatography methods. Determination of the structure of pure isolate compounds was carried out by 1-dimensional…
creator: Ricson Pemimpin Hutagaol
creator: Syifa Dwi Juwairriyyah
creator: Tjandrawati Mozef
creator: Sofa Fajriah
creator: Gian Primahana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 424
ending page: 431
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.101051.424-431

Optimization of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaf Extract Emulgel Formulation using Simplex Lattice Design for Topical Application
type: item
description: Papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaf extract is rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing effects, making it a promising candidate for topical applications. However, there are challenges in formulating an effective and stable system. This study aimed to optimize the formulation of Papaya leaf extract emulgel using the simolex lattice design (SLD) method with various concentrations of Carbopol 940, Olive oil, and Tween 80. Eight formulations were evaluated for pH, viscosity, spreadability, and physical stability. This study showed that the optimal formulation of 1.0% Carbopol 940, 15% olive oil, and 10% Tween 80, which produced an emulgel with pH 6.1, viscosity of 4.580 cP, and spreadability of 6.8 cm, which are acceptable according to pharmaceutical standards. The above formulation showed good physical stability over 28 days of storage. In conclusion, the SLD method can be applied to developing typical herbal-based products and standardized for better effectiveness and stability.
creator: Nurfiana Rachmawati
creator: Siti Aisiyah
creator: Mega Novita
creator: Dian Marlina
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Universitas Sebelas Maret http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
volume: 21
number: 2
starting page: 432
ending page: 441
doi: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.101792.432-441